Sir John Marshall supervised the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro and identified them as part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

“Out of Africa” is a widely accepted theory that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated globally.

Magna Carta (1215) was a charter signed by King John and English barons to limit royal power and protect baronial rights.

Emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War and promoted its teachings throughout his empire.

William Cunnington is known as a pioneer of archaeological excavation due to his early work in Wiltshire, England, in the late 1700s.

Haji Shariatullah started the Farazi Movement in 1819 to reform Muslim practices in Bengal. He returned from Hajj and launched it in the region.

Mehrgarh, located in Balochistan, is a Neolithic site dating back to 7000 BCE, representing early farming and settlement.

Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization belongs to the Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE), known for bronze tools and urban planning.

Akbar introduced Deen-e-Ilahi in 1582 at Fatehpur Sikri, his capital at that time, to merge the best elements of all religions.

Leopold von Ranke is considered the Father of Modern History because he emphasized primary sources, evidence-based writing, and objectivity in historiography.