Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE with the help of Chanakya after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty.

Pataliputra (modern Patna) was the administrative and cultural capital of the Mauryan Empire.

Megasthenes was sent by Seleucus I as ambassador to the Mauryan court and documented his observations in ‘Indica’.

Mohenjo-daro, an important Indus Valley site, is located in Larkana District, Sindh, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The script of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered due to lack of bilingual texts and short inscriptions.

The Mesopotamian Civilization, one of the world's earliest, developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq.

Aryans are believed to have entered the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE via the Khyber Pass, a key mountain route.

The Kot Diji archaeological site is in Khairpur District, Sindh. It represents a pre-Harappan culture dating back to 2500 BCE.

Sirkap was a fortified city built by Greco-Bactrians near Taxila in present-day Pakistan. It was an important archaeological site.

Archaeology studies human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts and structures.