Research Methodology MCQs

Sampling is the process or procedure used to select a representative sample from a larger population.

• The population is the entire group studied, a variable is a characteristic that varies, and a census collects data from every member.

Descriptive research may use both qualitative data (narrative, observations) and quantitative data (numbers, statistics), depending on the research problem and design.

• It is not restricted to one form of data or one method of presentation.

Pilot testing means administering an instrument on a small scale before the main study to find weaknesses, unclear items, and problems, so that it can be improved.

• Sampling selects participants, validation checks whether an instrument measures what it should, and experimentation tests hypotheses.

The range is calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score in a distribution, giving a simple measure of spread.

• The mean and median are measures of central tendency, and standard deviation measures average dispersion around the mean.

Simple random sampling gives every member of the population an equal and independent chance of being selected.

• Stratified sampling uses subgroups, systematic sampling uses fixed intervals, and cluster sampling selects whole groups.

In systematic sampling, participants are chosen at regular intervals (such as every tenth student) from an ordered population list, usually after a random starting point.

• Random sampling relies on chance alone, and stratified and cluster sampling involve subgroups or clusters.

Stratified sampling divides the population into relevant subgroups (strata) and selects participants from each, often proportionally, so that every subgroup is represented.

• Cluster sampling selects entire groups, systematic sampling uses intervals, and convenience sampling uses easily available participants.

Experimental research normally begins with a hypothesis that can be tested by manipulating variables and observing their effects.

• Questionnaires, interviews, and historical records are data-collection sources or methods and are not the foundation of experimental design.

Paired t-test compares repeated measures on the same participants.

Independent t-test compares two independent groups.

Variables increasing together show positive correlation.

Pilot testing refines procedures before the main study.

These are qualitative research types.

Textual analysis of experiences is qualitative.

Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/non-numerical data.

Pilot testing is a small-scale trial.

Original documents are primary sources.

Experimental research manipulates variables and measures outcomes.

Descriptive research describes characteristics.

Descriptive research does not primarily explain why.

Concurrent evaluation occurs during implementation.

Periodic evaluation occurs at several stages.

Terminal evaluation occurs after completion.

R&D research is described for such comparisons.

Historical research interprets past records.