Research Methodology MCQs

Non-directional hypothesis indicates that a relationship exists without specifying the direction.

Non-probability sampling does not give every individual a known chance of selection.

Directional hypothesis specifies the expected direction of the relationship between variables.

Cluster sampling selects groups rather than individuals for the study.

Null hypothesis predicts that no significant relationship exists between the variables.

Stratified sampling ensures representation from different sub-groups in the sample.

If the null hypothesis is accepted, the observed difference is not statistically significant.

Random sampling gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being selected.

The independent variable is also called antecedent, treatment, or cause.

The dependent variable is the outcome or effect of the independent variable.

A minimum of 30 subjects is acceptable in correlational research for statistical power.

Cross-sectional surveys
Collect data from a population at a specific point in time. This type of study is often used to examine the relationships between different variables within a population at a specific time. Cross-sectional studies are quick to conduct and cost-effective. They are often used in developmental psychology, social science, and education.
Longitudinal surveys
Collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time. This type of study allows researchers to track their subjects in real-time, which can help them better determine the order of events and understand cause-and-effect relationships

Cross-sectional surveys
Collect data from a population at a specific point in time. This type of study is often used to examine the relationships between different variables within a population at a specific time. Cross-sectional studies are quick to conduct and cost-effective. They are often used in developmental psychology, social science, and education.
Longitudinal surveys
Collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time. This type of study allows researchers to track their subjects in real-time, which can help them better determine the order of events and understand cause-and-effect relationships

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Longitudinal survey studies can be classified as both trend surveys and cohort surveys, and panel surveys:
Trend surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that studies trends over time
Cohort surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that samples a group of people who share a common characteristic, such as birth or graduation
Panel surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that follows a smaller group of people over time
Longitudinal studies can be either prospective or retrospective in nature. They can be expensive and time-consuming, as it can take a long time to collect and analyze the data.

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In causal-comparative research, the independent variable has already occurred.

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In this research, groups are not randomly assigned but naturally formed.

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Qualitative and quantitative methods may be combined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.

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A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables based on existing knowledge.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, and in this case, it’s the teaching method.

Inductive hypothesis generalizes from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.