The anal stage centers on toilet training and control.
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The Oedipus/Electra conflict occurs during the phallic stage.
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Gestalt psychology holds that perception is active, not passively received.
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The unconscious contains thoughts and memories outside awareness that still influence behavior.
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Behaviorism focuses only on observable stimulus-response relationships.
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Structuralism seeks the basic elements of conscious experience through introspection.
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Functionalism focuses on the purpose or function of mental processes.
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Functionalism viewed consciousness as a continuous stream.
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Closure is the tendency to fill in gaps and perceive a complete figure.
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Similar objects tend to be perceived as grouped together.
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Students rating their classmates is peer appraisal.
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A scoring rubric uses performance-level descriptions such as advanced, proficient and partially proficient.
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Anecdotal records are brief notes on specific behaviors written when significant incidents occur.
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A portfolio is a purposeful collection of student work showing progress over time.
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A descriptive rating scale uses verbal categories arranged along a continuum.
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A comparative rating scale evaluates something by explicitly comparing it with a reference item.
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A Table of Specification plans content coverage and cognitive levels so the test samples the domain adequately.
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A checklist records only the presence or absence of listed behaviors.
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Large score differences between two administrations without a change in learning indicate weak test-retest reliability.
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Good content coverage means high content validity, while inconsistent scoring by different examiners means weak inter-rater reliability.
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Consistency shows reliability only; further evidence is needed to show the test measures what it is intended to measure.
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Natural observation takes place in real settings without imposing predetermined conditions.
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Observation at a set time and place under specified conditions is controlled observation.
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Giving the same test to the same group twice and comparing scores examines test-retest reliability.
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Consistency between two equivalent forms with different items is parallel-forms reliability.
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