Preoperational children lack conservation.
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Conservation is understanding that quantity remains the same despite appearance changes.
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Seriation is ordering objects along a dimension.
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Transitivity is understanding logical relationships among ordered items.
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Formal operational thought involves hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
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Development can involve simultaneous gains and losses in different dimensions.
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Assimilation fits new experiences into existing schemas.
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Accommodation modifies existing schemas to fit new information.
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Disequilibrium is cognitive imbalance caused by new information that does not fit.
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Adaptation involves assimilation and accommodation to restore equilibrium.
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Preoperational thought includes symbolic and pretend play.
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Growth is primarily physical/quantitative; development includes broader qualitative changes.
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Growth and development are related but distinguishable concepts.
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Development is continuous even though its rate may vary.
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Cephalocaudal development proceeds from head to lower body.
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Proximodistal development proceeds from center to extremities.
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Development reflects interaction between genetic potential and environment.
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Latency involves dormant sexual energy and focus on social and intellectual development.
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Sublimation channels unacceptable impulses into socially valued activities.
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Humanism emphasizes free will, growth, and self-actualization.
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Esteem needs involve recognition, confidence, and achievement.
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Self-actualization is fulfilling one's potential.
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Preconscious material is not currently in awareness but can be retrieved with cues.
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The ego mediates between impulses and reality.
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The superego represents internalized moral standards.
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