PPSC Past Papers & Solved MCQs

The Tughlaq Dynasty was a significant Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin that ruled over the Delhi Sultanate. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, originally Ghazi Malik, founded the dynasty in 1320 AD, marking the end of the Khilji dynasty's rule. He established a stable administration and initiated several reforms.

• Ghiyasuddin Balban was a powerful ruler of the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty, which preceded the Khilji and Tughlaq dynasties, making him incorrect.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq was Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq's son and successor, known for his controversial administrative experiments, but he was not the founder.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a later ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, known for his public works and administrative reforms, but he also did not found the dynasty.

The Delhi Muslim Proposals were a set of demands made by Muslim leaders in 1927, aiming to secure Muslim rights in a future independent India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a prominent leader of the All-India Muslim League, presented these proposals. They outlined conditions for joint electorates, including a one-third representation for Muslims in the Central Legislature and separation of Sindh from Bombay.

• Liaqat Ali Khan was a close associate of Jinnah and later Pakistan's first Prime Minister, but he did not present these specific proposals.
• Allama Iqbal was a visionary poet and philosopher who advocated for a separate Muslim state, but he was not the presenter of the Delhi Proposals.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was a leader of the Khilafat Movement and a prominent figure in the Indian independence struggle, but not the one who presented the Delhi Proposals.

North Waziristan, a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, is historically known for its distinct tribal population. The two main and most prominent tribes inhabiting this region are the Wazir and Dawar. These tribes have a long history and cultural heritage deeply rooted in the area.

• Afridi and Shinwari are primarily associated with the Khyber Agency (now Khyber District), not North Waziristan.
• Mehsud and Orakzai are significant tribes, but Mehsud are predominantly found in South Waziristan, and Orakzai in the Orakzai Agency (now Orakzai District).
• Khattak and Mohmand are other major Pashtun tribes; Khattak are widespread, and Mohmand are mainly in the Mohmand Agency (now Mohmand District), not North Waziristan.

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, commonly known as Aga Khan III, was the 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili community. He was a significant figure in the 20th century, advocating for Muslim rights and contributing to various social and educational causes. He is buried in Aswan, Egypt, in a mausoleum overlooking the Nile River, a site that has become a pilgrimage destination for his followers.

• Cairo is the capital of Egypt, but not the specific burial site of Aga Khan III.
• Karachi is a major city in Pakistan with a large Ismaili population, but it is not where Aga Khan III is interred.
• Istanbul is a historical city in Turkey, unrelated to the burial place of Aga Khan III.

The correct answer is World Environment Day. Celebrated annually on June 5th, World Environment Day is the United Nations' principal vehicle for encouraging worldwide awareness and action for the protection of our environment. It was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1972.

• Earth Day is observed on April 22nd.
• World Water Day is observed on March 22nd.
• International Biodiversity Day (or World Biodiversity Day) is observed on May 22nd.

Each of these important environmental days has a distinct date, making them incorrect options for June 5th.

The correct answer is New Zealand. The Commonwealth of Nations was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. This statute recognized the independence of the self-governing Dominions within the British Empire. The original Dominions included Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the Irish Free State, and Newfoundland.

• China and Japan were never part of the British Commonwealth.
• Therefore, 'None of these' is incorrect as New Zealand is a founding member.

New Zealand's inclusion as a founding member alongside Australia and Canada is historically accurate regarding the Commonwealth's formation.

United Nations Day is an annual observance that marks the anniversary of the entry into force of the UN Charter in 1945. This pivotal event officially established the United Nations as an international organization dedicated to maintaining international peace and security, fostering friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights. Therefore, 24th October is celebrated globally as UN Day.

• 21st September is observed as the International Day of Peace, not UN Day.
• 10th December is recognized as Human Rights Day, commemorating the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• 5th June is celebrated as World Environment Day, focusing on environmental protection.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974, following the 1973 oil crisis. Its primary role is to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries. The headquarters of the IEA are located in Paris, France.

• Rome is home to organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
• Geneva hosts numerous international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), but not the IEA.
• Vienna is the headquarters for organizations such as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), but not the IEA.

MI5, officially known as the Security Service, is the United Kingdom's domestic intelligence and security agency. Its primary role is to protect national security against threats such as terrorism, espionage, cyber-attacks, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It operates within the UK, focusing on internal threats.

• The USA has intelligence agencies like the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) for foreign intelligence and the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) for domestic security.
• Russia's main intelligence agencies include the FSB (Federal Security Service) for domestic security and the SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service) for external intelligence.
• China's primary intelligence agency is the Ministry of State Security (MSS).

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945, committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights. As of current counts, there are 44 European countries that are full member states of the United Nations. This number includes countries from both Western and Eastern Europe, as well as some transcontinental nations often categorized as European.

• The numbers 38, 54, and 67 are incorrect. The precise count of UN member states from Europe is 44, reflecting the sovereign nations within the continent that hold full membership in the global body.

The correct answer is 1949. This year marks the end of the Chinese Civil War, when the Kuomintang (KMT) government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, retreated to Taiwan and established the Republic of China (ROC) there. Concurrently, the Communist Party of China, under Mao Zedong, established the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland. This event created the political separation between Taiwan and mainland China that persists today.

• 1966 was the start of the Cultural Revolution in mainland China.
• 1989 is associated with the Tiananmen Square protests.
• 1999 was when Macau was handed over to China.

None of these later dates relate to Taiwan's foundational separation.