Article 37(c) directs the State to make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. It is a Principle of Policy.
Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan guarantees free and compulsory education to all children aged 5 to 16 years. It was inserted by the 18th Amendment (2010) as a fundamental right.
Article 25-A provides free and compulsory education to children aged 5 to 16 years. This covers primary through secondary education levels.
The National Education Policy 2009 was announced by the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) government. It focused on improving access, quality, and governance in education, and introduced several reforms.
The Higher Education Commission (HEC) was established in 2002, replacing the University Grants Commission (UGC). Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman was its first chairman and played a key role in reforming higher education in Pakistan.
The 18th Amendment (2010) abolished the Concurrent Legislative List. Education was devolved to the provinces, giving them full legislative and administrative control over education policy and curriculum.
The first Pakistan Education Conference was held in Karachi in November-December 1947. It was convened to determine the direction of education in the newly created state of Pakistan.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah emphasized that education was a matter of life and death for the nation. He stressed that Pakistan's survival and progress depended on a strong educational system.
The Commission on National Education (1959), known as the Sharif Commission, was headed by S. M. Sharif. It made comprehensive recommendations for reforming Pakistan's education system, including curriculum, teacher training, and examination reforms.
Air Marshal Nur Khan headed the committee that prepared the New Education Policy of 1970. It proposed significant reforms including making education free and compulsory up to class 8.
Under the Education Policy of 1972, the government nationalized private educational institutions across Pakistan. This was a major policy decision that brought most schools and colleges under government control.
The Education Policy of 1979 emphasized Islamization of education and introduced the mosque school (Maktab) scheme. It aimed to integrate Islamic teachings into the curriculum and expand primary education through mosques.
The National Education Policy 1998-2010 was announced in 1998 during the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. It aimed at improving access, quality, and relevance of education in Pakistan.
Sir Syed founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886. It provided a platform for discussing educational reforms and promoting modern education among Muslims across India.
Hassan Ali Effendi, a Sindhi Muslim leader, founded Sindh Madressatul Islam in Karachi in 1885. It was one of the earliest modern educational institutions for Muslims in Sindh. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was among its notable students.
Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband was founded in 1866 by Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi and colleagues. It became a leading centre of traditional Islamic learning and played a significant role in religious education in South Asia.
Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam was founded in Lahore in 1884. It established schools, colleges, and welfare institutions for the Muslim community of Punjab.
Islamia College Peshawar was established in 1913. It was founded to provide modern education to Muslims of the North-West Frontier Province and became a prominent institution in the region.
Nadwatul Ulama was founded in 1894 in Lucknow. Its main objective was to reform and modernize the madrassa curriculum by combining traditional Islamic sciences with modern subjects, and to bring unity among Muslim scholars.
The University of the Punjab was established in 1882 in Lahore, making it one of the oldest universities in the subcontinent. It was initially an affiliating university and later became a teaching university. The 1857 date refers to Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras universities.
The Calcutta University Commission (Sadler Commission) of 1917 examined the working of Calcutta University and made recommendations on university and secondary education. It recommended a 12-year school course and separate intermediate colleges.
The Wardha Scheme of 1937, associated with Mahatma Gandhi, proposed "Basic Education" (Nai Talim) where education is centered on a productive craft. Learning was to be correlated with manual work and community living.
The Sargent Report (1944) proposed free and compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14 years. It aimed to create a national system of education in India and recommended basic education as the foundation.
The Aligarh Movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, aimed at modernizing education among Indian Muslims. It promoted scientific and English education while maintaining Islamic values. Its crowning achievement was the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (1875), later Aligarh Muslim University (1920).
The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) School was established in 1875 and upgraded to college status in 1877. It was later elevated to university status in 1920 as Aligarh Muslim University.