Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi was the Seljuq vizier who founded the Nizamiyya madrassas in the 11th century. These became model institutions of higher Islamic learning. Imam Ghazali was a famous teacher at the Nizamiyya, not its founder. Harun al-Rashid was an Abbasid caliph, and Ibn Khaldun was a later historian and philosopher.
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Paired t-test compares repeated measures on the same participants.
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Independent t-test compares two independent groups.
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Variables increasing together show positive correlation.
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These are qualitative research types.
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Textual analysis of experiences is qualitative.
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Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/non-numerical data.
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Pilot testing is a small-scale trial.
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Pilot testing refines procedures before the main study.
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Original documents are primary sources.
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Experimental research manipulates variables and measures outcomes.
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Descriptive research describes characteristics.
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Descriptive research does not primarily explain why.
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Periodic evaluation occurs at several stages.
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Terminal evaluation occurs after completion.
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R&D research is described for such comparisons.
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Historical research interprets past records.
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Concurrent evaluation occurs during implementation.
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Action research involves practitioner investigation and immediate action.
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Action research aims at immediate real-life action.
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Pure research seeks theoretical understanding.
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Applied research solves practical problems.
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Evaluation research assesses programs.
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Stratified uses random selection; quota does not.
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Purposive sampling is suited for detailed qualitative knowledge.
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