Two existing classes receive different teaching approaches. Both are tested before and after instruction, but learners were not randomly assigned to classes. The design is best classified as:

Correct answer: quasi-experimental Intact classes, pre- and post-tests, and no random assignment describe a quasi-experimental design.

• true experimental A true experiment requires random assignment of learners.
• cross-sectional Cross-sectional studies collect data at one point in time.
• ethnographic Ethnographic research studies a culture through extended observation.