Edward Thorndike formulated the foundational Laws of Learning, including the Law of Effect, Law of Readiness, and Law of Exercise. Skinner, Watson, and Pavlov are known for operant conditioning, behaviorism, and classical conditioning, respectively.
The pre-operational stage (2-7 years) is characterized by egocentrism, where children struggle to see others' perspectives, and animism, attributing human feelings to inanimate objects. Both are key features, making option C correct.
Alfred Binet is credited with developing the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale, to identify children needing special education. Thorndike, Guilford, and Sternberg made other significant contributions to psychology.
In the Pre-operational stage, children's self-descriptions are often unsystematic and based on superficial characteristics. More organized and abstract self-concepts develop in later stages like Concrete and Formal operational.
Gordon Allport is a prominent figure in personality psychology, known for his trait theory and discriminating various personality characteristics. Maslow and Roger are humanistic psychologists, not primarily focused on the detailed classification of personality traits.
Children begin to think logically about concrete events during the Concrete operational stage, enabling them to understand conservation and classification. The other stages involve different cognitive capabilities or age ranges.
An average child's IQ typically falls within the 90-110 range, representing normal cognitive ability. Scores below 90 or above 110 indicate below-average or above-average intelligence, respectively, not the average range.
The Development Method, or developmental psychology, specifically focuses on studying the systematic changes and growth in individuals, including children, across their lifespan. Other methods are general research approaches, not specific to growth studies.
Parents, teachers, and peers all play crucial roles in a child's moral development by providing guidance, setting examples, and influencing social norms. Therefore, "All above" is the correct comprehensive answer.
Mentally retarded children typically have an IQ score below 70, which falls into the "Below 90" category. Scores of 90-110 are average, and higher ranges indicate above-average intelligence.
The Psychophysical Method is specifically designed to study the relationship between physical stimuli and sensory experiences, making it the appropriate method for investigating sensory disabilities. Other methods are broader or less focused on sensory perception.
Fear, quarreling parents, and restrictions all significantly impact emotional development by creating stress, insecurity, or limiting expression. Therefore, "All above" is the correct and comprehensive answer, as individual options are partial.
All aspects of a child's growth—physical, mental, and moral—are crucial for holistic development. Focusing on only one type of growth would neglect other essential areas, leading to incomplete development.
The prenatal period spans from conception, starting with the zygote, through fetal development until birth, typically lasting around 250-300 days. Neonate refers to a newborn, while adolescence and adulthood are much later developmental stages.
Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience. Education is a process, experiment is a method, and innovation is a new idea, none of which directly define this behavioral change.
The neonate period specifically refers to the first two weeks of life after birth. Pre-natal is before birth, while adolescence and adulthood represent much later developmental stages, making them incorrect.
Behaviourism emphasizes that behavior is learned through interaction with the environment, rather than being primarily determined by inheritance or internal attitudes. The environment provides stimuli and consequences that shape behavior.
Adolescence is the developmental stage typically spanning from 13 to 19 years, characterized by puberty and transition to adulthood. Pre-natal and neonate are early life stages, and adulthood follows adolescence.
In classical conditioning, a specific stimulus reliably elicits a response, often through association with another stimulus. Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors and their consequences, not necessarily a preceding stimulus.
Diet is an environmental factor, not a hereditary one, as it's consumed externally and not passed through genes. Colour, height, and eye colour are primarily determined by genetic inheritance.
Ivan Pavlov is renowned for his pioneering work on classical conditioning, demonstrated through his experiments with dogs. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, Watson with behaviorism, and Thorndike with the law of effect.
Height is primarily a hereditary factor, influenced by genetics, although environmental conditions can play a minor role. Diet, water, and light are all external environmental factors impacting development.
Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, explains how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment. Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli, not primarily reinforcement of voluntary actions.
Cognitive development deals with the growth of thought processes, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities, which are functions of the mind. Body, society, and emotion relate to other developmental domains.
Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior, like an advance increment or encouragement. Punishment, however, aims to decrease a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus or removing a desirable one.