Carl Rogers developed Person-Centered Counseling, emphasizing the client's self-direction and growth through empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. Psychoanalytic, Directive, and Eclectic counseling represent different therapeutic approaches.
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The formula for calculating Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) as (Mental Age / Chronological Age) * 100 was proposed by William Stern. The other psychologists are known for different theories, not this specific I.Q. formula.
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The Law of Effect, proposed by Thorndike, directly links responses followed by satisfying consequences to increased likelihood of repetition, which is the core of reinforcement in Operant Conditioning. Other laws are not directly associated with reinforcement.
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Organized guidance in education began around 1905 with Frank Parsons' work in vocational guidance, marking the formal start of such services. The other dates are incorrect regarding the inception of educational guidance.
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Interests, attitudes, appreciation, skills, and achievements are all acquired or developed through experience, practice, and instruction, which are fundamental aspects of learning. Growth refers to physical changes, and development is a broader, lifelong process.
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Historically, "psychology" comes from Greek "psyche" (soul/mind) and "logos" (study). While modern psychology studies mind and behavior, its etymological root refers to the study of the soul.
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Frank Parsons is widely recognized as the "father of guidance" for his pioneering work in vocational guidance and establishing the first career bureau.
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Creativity is defined as the ability to generate novel, unusual, and valuable ideas or solutions. Positive thinking is an attitude, problem-solving is a process, and intelligence is a broader cognitive capacity, not specifically about novelty.
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The term "psychology" originates from the ancient Greek words "psyche" (soul, mind) and "logia" (study of). Therefore, it is derived from Greek, not Latin, English, or Italian.
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The first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale, was developed in 1905. The other years are incorrect for the initial development of this foundational test.
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Fear is a primary human emotion, a direct feeling in response to perceived threat. Surprise is also an emotion, but withdrawal and fighting are behavioral responses or actions, not emotions themselves, though they can be driven by emotion.
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Adolescence is the developmental stage typically spanning from 13 to 19 years, characterized by puberty and transition to adulthood. Pre-natal and neonate are early life stages, and adulthood follows adolescence.
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In classical conditioning, a specific stimulus reliably elicits a response, often through association with another stimulus. Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors and their consequences, not necessarily a preceding stimulus.
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Diet is an environmental factor, not a hereditary one, as it's consumed externally and not passed through genes. Colour, height, and eye colour are primarily determined by genetic inheritance.
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Ivan Pavlov is renowned for his pioneering work on classical conditioning, demonstrated through his experiments with dogs. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, Watson with behaviorism, and Thorndike with the law of effect.
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Height is primarily a hereditary factor, influenced by genetics, although environmental conditions can play a minor role. Diet, water, and light are all external environmental factors impacting development.
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Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, explains how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment. Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli, not primarily reinforcement of voluntary actions.
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Cognitive development deals with the growth of thought processes, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities, which are functions of the mind. Body, society, and emotion relate to other developmental domains.
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Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior, like an advance increment or encouragement. Punishment, however, aims to decrease a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus or removing a desirable one.
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Jean Piaget described four distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Therefore, options 3, 5, and 6 are incorrect numbers of stages.
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David Ausubel proposed the concept of meaningful learning through perception, where new information is linked to existing cognitive structures. Bruner focused on discovery learning, while Pavlov and Skinner are associated with behavioral conditioning, not this cognitive theory.
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The sensorimotor stage, according to Piaget, covers cognitive development from birth to two years, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. The other stages occur later in childhood.
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J. S. Bruner is known for advocating meaningful learning through the structure of content and discovery. David Ausubel focused on reception learning, while Pavlov and Skinner are behaviorists, not associated with this constructivist approach to learning.
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The Pre-operational stage, from 2-7 years, is characterized by symbolic thought and developing language, but lacks logical reasoning. The other stages represent different age ranges and cognitive abilities in Piaget's theory.
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Abraham Maslow is recognized as a founder of the Humanistic Approach, emphasizing self-actualization and human potential. Ausubel and Bruner are cognitive theorists, and Skinner is a behaviorist, making Maslow the correct figure for humanism.
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