Which pair concerns consistency rather than accuracy?
Reliability concerns consistency.
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Research Methodology MCQs
Internal validity primarily concerns:
Internal validity concerns the soundness of the study.
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External validity is primarily concerned with:
External validity concerns generalizability.
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Which variable is deliberately held constant throughout an experiment?
Controlled variables are deliberately held constant.
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Which feature makes a confounding variable more problematic than an ordinary extraneous variable?
Confounding occurs when an extraneous variable is linked to the independent variable.
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Students receiving a new teaching method also happen to receive substantially more parental support. Parental support may therefore act as a:
Parental support may confound the teaching method effect.
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Which is most clearly a categorical variable?
Educational level is categorical.
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A researcher records students’ heights to the nearest decimal point. Height is most appropriately classified as:
Height can take continuous numerical values.
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Validity primarily concerns:
Validity concerns whether a measure measures what it intends.
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A study is carefully conducted, but its findings cannot reasonably be generalized to real-world settings. Which validity is most directly limited?
External validity concerns generalization beyond the study.
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Which pairing is incorrect?
The independent variable is not the outcome.
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A researcher deliberately changes the amount of instructional time and observes its effect on achievement. What is being manipulated?
Instructional time is deliberately varied.
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Age changes the strength of the relationship between exercise and resting heart rate. Age is functioning as a:
Age moderates the strength of the relationship.
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Which statement best distinguishes a moderating variable from an intervening variable?
A moderator affects relationship strength; an intervening variable explains a link.
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An unexpected phenomenon suddenly affects the presumed cause-effect relationship during a study. According to the notes, this is most closely associated with:
An intervening variable can unexpectedly affect the relationship.
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Test anxiety is proposed as an abstract process linking memory capacity with test performance. It represents a:
It is an abstract linking process.
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A researcher maintains the same temperature in every experimental trial. Temperature is a:
A variable held constant is controlled.
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A researcher obtains permission from the school board, district official, principal, teacher, students, and parents. These individuals primarily function as:
They control access and participate in the study.
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Which stage normally follows identification of the research problem?
Literature review typically follows problem identification.
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Viewing a research problem as a puzzle mainly emphasizes:
Research components fit together like a puzzle.
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Which skill is involved throughout the planning and conduct of research?
Writing is used throughout research planning and reporting.
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A researcher investigates the effect of a teaching method on students’ achievement. The teaching method is the:
The manipulated presumed cause is the independent variable.
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In the same study, students’ achievement is the:
The measured outcome is the dependent variable.
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A researcher investigates a population that has never previously been studied. The most immediate contribution of the study may be to:
Studying an unstudied population fills a knowledge gap.
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An educator uses research findings to adopt a more effective classroom strategy. This demonstrates research’s contribution to:
Research can directly improve educational practice.
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