Correct Answer:
D. All of these
Explanation:
Pakistan's chronic power and energy crises stem from a complex web of structural, financial, and managerial failures embedded across the national grid infrastructure.
### Important Facts:
- Circular Debt: A massive multi-billion rupee deficit caused by non-payments, subsidies, and inefficient collection that freezes supply chains.
- Import Reliance: Extreme vulnerability to volatile international oil and LNG prices for thermal generation.
- Line Losses & Theft: Substantial electricity losses due to poor transmission lines and illegal tapping (kunda system).