After the 18th Amendment, which level of government is primarily responsible for education policymaking?

After the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, passed in 2010, the primary responsibility for education policymaking shifted significantly. This amendment abolished the Concurrent Legislative List, transferring many subjects, including education, from federal to provincial jurisdiction. Consequently, Provincial Governments are now primarily responsible for developing and implementing education policies, curricula, and administration within their respective provinces. This devolution of power aimed to empower provinces to address their specific educational needs more effectively.

• The Federal Government's role is now largely limited to coordination, setting national standards, and international commitments.
• District Governments and Union Councils are lower tiers of local government responsible for implementation and local administration, but not primary policymaking.