Correct Answer:
D. All of these
Administration is a fundamental concept in management, encompassing the processes and activities required to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. The question asks what administration includes.
- Planning is a core administrative function, involving setting objectives, formulating strategies, and outlining the steps to achieve desired outcomes.
- Organizing follows planning, focusing on arranging resources, tasks, and people into a structured framework to execute the plans. This includes defining roles and responsibilities.
- Controlling is essential for monitoring performance, comparing actual results against planned objectives, and taking corrective actions to ensure goals are met.
Therefore, All of these is the correct answer because planning, organizing, and controlling are universally recognized as the primary and interconnected functions that constitute effective administration. Each component is vital for the successful operation and management of any entity.