Correct Answer:
B. 12
This question relates to the principle of legality in criminal law, specifically the prohibition of ex post facto laws. Article 12 correctly ensures that no law shall prescribe punishment for an act done before that law came into force, protecting individuals from arbitrary legal changes. This fundamental concept prevents retroactive application of criminal statutes.
- Option A (Article 11) prohibits slavery, forced labor, and child labor.
- Option C (Article 13) provides protection against double punishment and self-incrimination.
- Option D (Article 14) guarantees the inviolability of the dignity of man and privacy of home.
Thus, Article 12 is specifically designed to prevent retrospective criminal penalties.