Correct Answer:
B. Genetic mutation and gene transfer.
Explanation:
The main biological cause of antibiotic resistance is genetic mutation and gene transfer, which allows bacteria to adapt and survive antibiotic exposure.
- Step 1 (Genetic Mutation): Random mutations in bacterial DNA can produce traits that help bacteria survive antibiotics.
- Step 2 (Horizontal Gene Transfer): Bacteria can share resistance genes with other bacteria through processes like conjugation, transformation, or transduction.
- Result: These mechanisms allow bacteria to rapidly evolve and become resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
- Incorrect Options:
- Lack of physical exercise does not affect bacterial genetics.
- Eating expired food is unrelated to antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
- Vitamin deficiencies affect human health, not bacterial resistance evolution.