Correct Answer:
D. 33%
The correct answer is 33%. According to scientific consensus and forestry policy, a minimum of 33% of a country's total land area should be covered by forests to maintain a healthy ecological balance, ensure biodiversity, and sustainably regulate the climate.
The 33% Rule for Ecological Stability
- Origin of the Standard: The target of 33% forest cover is widely referenced in international forestry guidelines, including the National Forest Policy of India (1952) and subsequent recommendations by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It aims to balance land use for agriculture, habitation, and ecological services.
- Ecological Functions: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide and mitigating climate change. They regulate the water cycle, prevent soil erosion, maintain watersheds, and provide habitat for 80% of terrestrial species. A minimum threshold of one-third land cover is deemed necessary to keep these systems functional.
- Global and Regional Context: Many countries strive to meet this benchmark. For example, Pakistan's forest cover is estimated to be around 5% (far below the target), which has prompted massive reforestation drives like the Billion Tree Tsunami. In contrast, nations like Bhutan and Finland have forest cover well above the 33% threshold.
- Incorrect Percentages Explained: 20% and 25% are often cited as minimums for specific ecological zones or for combating desertification, but the globally recognized standard for overall ecological system maintenance is 33%. 30% is close but not the authoritative benchmark.
Therefore, the recommended percentage of land that should remain under forest cover to sustain a healthy ecological system is 33%.