Difficulties are first handled through formative assessment during teaching; if they persist, deeper diagnostic assessment follows.
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Summative assessment evaluates outcomes at the end of a program or course.
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Assessment as learning involves students monitoring their own progress, setting targets and adjusting study strategies (self-assessment).
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Self-assessment is the classic example of assessment as learning, where learners reflect on and regulate their own learning.
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Diagnostic assessment investigates the underlying causes of persistent learning difficulties that ordinary corrective teaching has not resolved.
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Formative assessment monitors learning while instruction is in progress and feeds back into adjusting the next lesson.
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Measurement only assigns numbers to performance; it does not interpret what the numbers mean.
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Evaluation combines several kinds of evidence to make a value judgment about the success of a program.
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Measurement records quantity (scores), while assessment goes further by interpreting performance data to judge the quantity and quality of learning.
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Placement assessment is given before instruction to check prerequisite skills and assign learners to suitable groups or levels.
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Inductive approach lets students derive rules from examples.
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Inquiry-based learning follows problem-hypothesis-evidence-conclusion.
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Effective teaching promotes meaningful learning.
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Application tasks help students transfer knowledge to new situations.
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Debate builds argumentation and evidence-based reasoning.
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Role-play develops empathy and interpersonal skills.
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Case studies require analysis and decision-making.
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Simulation models systems; role-play involves character portrayal.
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Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general.
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Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific.
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Using multiple modes addresses diverse learning preferences.
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Blended learning mixes in-person and online instruction.
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Flipped classrooms deliver content at home and practice in class.
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Technology enhances and supports instruction; it does not replace teachers.
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Simulations provide safe experiential learning.
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