Policy effects are irreversible changes:

Policies can be categorized based on their scope and impact. Strategic policies are those that deal with the long-term direction, overall goals, and fundamental nature of an organization or government. Decisions made at this level involve significant resource allocation, fundamental changes to operations, or shifts in mission. Consequently, the effects of strategic policies are often considered irreversible or extremely costly and difficult to reverse once implemented. Changing a strategic policy can fundamentally alter the organization's identity or competitive position. In contrast, functional policies relate to specific departments (e.g., marketing, finance) and operational policies pertain to day-to-day activities and procedures. These are typically more flexible and easier to adjust or reverse without fundamentally altering the organization's core direction. Therefore, irreversible changes are a hallmark characteristic of strategic policy effects, making it the correct answer.