Two teachers independently score the same set of students’ essays. Teacher A gives consistently higher marks than Teacher B because the two teachers apply different interpretations of the scoring criteria. Which quality of the assessment is most directly affected?

A. Test-retest reliability
B. Content validity
C. Inter-rater reliability
D. Construct validity
Correct Answer: C. Inter-rater reliability

Systematic score differences caused by different interpretations of the criteria reduce inter-rater reliability.

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