Low literacy rate attributed to:

The literacy rate is a crucial indicator of human development and educational progress. Pakistan has historically faced challenges with a relatively low literacy rate compared to many other developing nations.

The low literacy rate in Pakistan is largely attributed to a persistent Lack of political will & underfunding. Insufficient commitment from political leadership often translates into chronic underfunding of the education sector. This leads to inadequate infrastructure, a shortage of qualified teachers, limited access to schools (especially in rural and marginalized areas), and a lack of quality learning materials, all of which directly hinder literacy efforts and educational attainment.

• High spending (A) on education would typically lead to improved literacy, not a low rate. Pakistan's education spending is generally low.
• Too many female teachers (C) is not a reason for low literacy; in fact, female teachers can often improve girls' enrollment and retention.
• Overqualified students (D) is an illogical concept in this context; students' qualification levels are not a cause for a low national literacy rate.