“Turin” was first capital of which country before her current capital?

The correct answer is Italy. Turin (Torino in Italian) served as the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865, following the unification of Italy. Before unification, Turin was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which played a pivotal role in the Risorgimento (Italian unification movement). The capital was subsequently moved to Florence (1865-1871) and then permanently to Rome in 1871, after its capture from the Papal States. Germany's first capital after unification was Berlin, Switzerland's capital is Bern, and Nepal's capital is Kathmandu. Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect. This historical fact highlights the complex process of nation-building and the strategic importance of cities during periods of political transition.