A researcher non-randomly recruits participants until predetermined category numbers are filled. This is:
Quota sampling fills non-random categories.
Researchers studying a difficult-to-access population recruit new participants through existing participants. This is:
Snowball sampling uses participant referrals.
A researcher deliberately chooses participants considered most useful for understanding a particular phenomenon. This is:
Purposive sampling selects based on purpose.
A researcher selects participants simply because they are easiest to access. This is:
Convenience sampling uses easy-to-access participants.
A researcher divides the population into groups and randomly selects entire groups rather than individuals. This is:
Cluster sampling selects whole groups.
Which statement correctly describes disproportionate stratified sampling?
Disproportionate means sample sizes differ from population proportions.
A researcher deliberately oversamples a small stratum so that its sample proportion exceeds its population proportion. This is:
Disproportionate stratification does not match population proportions.
A population consists of 70% urban and 30% rural teachers. A proportionate stratified sample should:
Proportionate sampling reflects population proportions.
The primary rationale for stratified sampling is to:
Stratification ensures subgroup representation.
A researcher divides teachers into age groups and randomly selects participants from each group. This is:
Stratified sampling selects from subgroups.
A researcher numbers every individual and selects participants at regular intervals. This is:
Systematic sampling selects at regular intervals.
Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. This is:
Simple random sampling gives equal chance to all.
A researcher wants to study all Pakistani teachers but collects data from 800 selected teachers. The 800 teachers constitute the:
A sample is a subset of the population.
The entire group about which conclusions are intended is called the:
The population is the entire target group.
A recurring pattern observed across educational situations inspires a researcher to formulate a testable proposition. This source of hypothesis is:
General patterns can generate hypotheses.
Which is not identified in the notes as a source of hypotheses?
Statistical significance is not a source of hypotheses.
A hypothesis includes several independent and several dependent variables. It is classified as:
A hypothesis with multiple variables is complex.
Which statement best distinguishes associative and causal hypotheses?
Associative hypotheses state relationships; causal hypotheses state cause-effect.
A hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between variables. It is specifically a:
Causal hypotheses propose cause and effect.
Which statement represents a null hypothesis?
A null hypothesis states no relationship or no difference.
A researcher states that study time and achievement are related but does not specify whether the relationship is positive or negative. This is:
No predicted direction means non-directional.
A researcher predicts that additional study time will increase achievement. This is a:
A predicted direction makes it directional.