Two variables increase together. According to the notes, their relationship is:
Variables increasing together show positive correlation.
A researcher compares the same variable between two different populations, such as boys and girls. Which test is indicated in the notes?
Independent t-test compares two independent groups.
The same participants provide scores before and after an intervention. Which statistical test from the notes is most appropriate?
Paired t-test compares repeated measures on the same participants.
A researcher conducts a small-scale rehearsal of the research procedure before the main study. This is:
Pilot testing is a small-scale trial.
Which statement best captures the distinction between quantitative and qualitative approaches?
Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/non-numerical data.
A researcher analyzes interviews and textual accounts to understand participants’ experiences. The approach is:
Textual analysis of experiences is qualitative.
Which group contains only qualitative research types identified in the notes?
These are qualitative research types.
Which question is least appropriate for descriptive research as defined in the notes?
Descriptive research does not primarily explain why.
A study describes characteristics of a population without attempting to determine why the phenomenon occurs. This is:
Descriptive research describes characteristics.
A researcher manipulates a variable and measures outcomes to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected. This most clearly represents:
Experimental research manipulates variables and measures outcomes.
The documents used by a researcher as original evidence in historical investigation are examples of:
Original documents are primary sources.
A researcher interprets diaries, speeches, letters, photographs, and government records to explain past events. This is:
Historical research interprets past records.
Research comparing developmental stages or the structures/functions of disciplines is described in the notes as:
R&D research is described for such comparisons.
A program is evaluated after it has been completed. This represents:
Terminal evaluation occurs after completion.
A program is assessed at several stages during its implementation. This is:
Periodic evaluation occurs at several stages.
A program is evaluated continuously while implementation is occurring. This is:
Concurrent evaluation occurs during implementation.
Which research type is primarily concerned with evaluating implemented programs and their effects?
Evaluation research assesses programs.
A researcher applies existing theoretical knowledge to solve a concrete educational problem. This is:
Applied research solves practical problems.
A researcher seeks theoretical understanding and general principles without an immediate practical application. This is:
Pure research seeks theoretical understanding.
Which feature most strongly distinguishes action research?
Action research aims at immediate real-life action.
A teacher investigates a classroom problem and immediately implements a solution while actively participating in the investigation. This is:
Action research involves practitioner investigation and immediate action.
Which type of sampling has a higher risk of sampling bias according to the notes?
Non-probability sampling has higher bias risk.
A qualitative researcher wants participants with specific characteristics to obtain detailed knowledge rather than make statistical inferences. The most appropriate technique is:
Purposive sampling is suited for detailed qualitative knowledge.
The fundamental difference between quota and stratified sampling is primarily the:
Stratified uses random selection; quota does not.