Another name of for an independent variable is
An independent variable is also known as a consequent variable, as it is the variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment.
The group selected for the purpose of research is
The population is the entire group of individuals or items that a researcher intends to study and generalize findings to, forming the complete set.
Control group is a characteristic of
In experimental research, a control group is used to isolate the effect of the independent variable by providing a baseline for comparison.
The arithmetic average of the score is called
The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of scores, calculated by summing all values and then dividing by the total number of observations.
The score that is attained by more subject than any other score is
The mode is the most frequently occurring score or value within a dataset, representing the highest concentration of data points in a distribution.
a scale of measurement in which intervals on a scale are equidistant but true zero does not exist is called
An interval scale has equidistant intervals, allowing meaningful difference comparisons, but lacks a true zero point, meaning zero does not indicate absence.
Pre- testing the instrument to detect weakness is
Pilot testing involves a preliminary run of the research instrument with a small sample to identify and rectify potential flaws before the main study.
Basis of experimental research is
Experimental research fundamentally begins with a hypothesis, which is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between variables, guiding the entire investigation.
First part of research report is
The preliminary pages, including the title page, abstract, and table of contents, constitute the very first section of a comprehensive research report.
The sampling in which groups rather than individual are selected,
In stratified sampling, the population is first divided into distinct subgroups or "strata" (groups), and then individuals are randomly selected from each of these groups.
Action-research can be understood as
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Which one is called non-probability sampling?
Quota sampling is a non-probability method where researchers select participants based on specific characteristics until a predetermined number is reached, not using random selection.
The conclusions/findings of which type of research cannot be generalized to other situations?
Historical research examines unique past events and contexts, meaning its specific findings are typically not generalizable to other situations or broader populations.
What does the longitudinal research approach actually deal with?
Longitudinal research involves studying the same subjects or phenomena repeatedly over an extended period, making it a long-term research approach.
What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?
A Type-I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, meaning a researcher concludes there is an effect when none actually exists.
Random sampling is necessary in
Explanation: Random sampling is a technique in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It helps reduce sampling bias and improves the representativeness of the sample, making research findings more reliable and generalizable.
Why Experimental Research?
- Experimental research aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
- Random sampling helps obtain a representative sample from the population.
- Random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups minimizes bias and increases the validity of the results.
Note: Although random sampling can be used in many types of research, it is considered especially important in experimental research. In contrast, action research usually involves a specific classroom or local setting and commonly uses purposive or convenience sampling rather than random sampling.
Hypothesis which state no relation between two variables is called
A null hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship or difference between two or more variables, serving as a baseline for statistical testing.
When evaluating tests and assessments, “reliability” refers to asking ourselves Which of the following questions?
Reliability in tests and assessments refers to the consistency of the measurement, ensuring that repeated measurements under the same conditions yield similar results.
Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens’ four levels of measurement?
Stevens' four levels of measurement, from least to most complex, are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each building upon the properties of the previous level.
Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
Content validity assesses whether a test adequately covers all relevant aspects of the construct being measured, unlike reliability which focuses on consistency.
Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?
The nominal scale is the simplest measurement level, categorizing data without any inherent order or numerical value, merely distinguishing groups.
Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?
Qualitative research prioritizes in-depth understanding of specific contexts and experiences, focusing on rich detail rather than generalizability to larger populations.
Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) Theory?
Inductive reasoning begins with specific observations and data, identifies patterns, and then progresses towards forming broader generalizations or theories.
Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
Historical research systematically investigates past events to understand their causes, effects, and significance, offering context for present-day issues.
Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative paradigm for another phase is known as
Mixed method research integrates both qualitative and quantitative paradigms in different phases to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem.