REBT targets irrational beliefs and replaces them with rational thinking.
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Problem-solving counselling focuses on understanding the problem and developing solutions.
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These are the core conditions of person-centered therapy.
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The counsellor respects client autonomy and avoids imposing values.
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Guidance is broader; counselling is more specialized and therapeutic.
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Summative assessment evaluates achievement at the end of instruction.
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Evaluating involves judging using criteria and evidence.
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Formative assessment guides ongoing instruction and learning.
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Similar performance between high and low groups indicates low discrimination.
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Formative curriculum evaluation informs improvement during implementation.
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Practice effects may inflate scores and threaten construct validity.
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Backward design starts with outcomes, then assessment, then instruction.
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Metacognition requires reflection on learning strategies and awareness.
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Environmental distraction is a source of measurement error.
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Criterion-referenced interpretation compares performance to specified competencies.
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Measurement quantifies; evaluation judges quality or value using evidence and criteria.
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A ceiling effect reduces the test's ability to discriminate among students.
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Cronbach's alpha estimates internal consistency.
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Inter-rater reliability is agreement between different scorers.
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Predictive validity concerns how well a test predicts future performance.
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Content validity concerns adequate sampling of the intended content domain.
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A rubric includes criteria and descriptions of performance levels.
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Criterion-referenced tests measure attainment of specified standards.
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Percentile rank compares a student's position with the norm group.
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Authentic assessment uses real-world tasks and multiple evidence sources over time.
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