Author name: Umar Draz

Longitudinal survey studies can be classified as both trend surveys and cohort surveys, and panel surveys:
Trend surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that studies trends over time
Cohort surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that samples a group of people who share a common characteristic, such as birth or graduation
Panel surveys: A type of longitudinal survey that follows a smaller group of people over time
Longitudinal studies can be either prospective or retrospective in nature. They can be expensive and time-consuming, as it can take a long time to collect and analyze the data.

In causal-comparative research, the independent variable has already occurred.

In this research, groups are not randomly assigned but naturally formed.

Qualitative and quantitative methods may be combined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables based on existing knowledge.

Inductive hypothesis generalizes from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.

Deductive hypothesis involves testing a theory by collecting data to accept or reject the hypothesis.

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