Which type of sampling has a higher risk of sampling bias according to the notes?
Non-probability sampling has higher bias risk.
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A qualitative researcher wants participants with specific characteristics to obtain detailed knowledge rather than make statistical inferences. The most appropriate technique is:
Purposive sampling is suited for detailed qualitative knowledge.
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The fundamental difference between quota and stratified sampling is primarily the:
Stratified uses random selection; quota does not.
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A researcher non-randomly recruits participants until predetermined category numbers are filled. This is:
Quota sampling fills non-random categories.
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Researchers studying a difficult-to-access population recruit new participants through existing participants. This is:
Snowball sampling uses participant referrals.
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A researcher deliberately chooses participants considered most useful for understanding a particular phenomenon. This is:
Purposive sampling selects based on purpose.
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A researcher selects participants simply because they are easiest to access. This is:
Convenience sampling uses easy-to-access participants.
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According to the notes, selected clusters should have:
Clusters should represent the population.
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A researcher divides the population into groups and randomly selects entire groups rather than individuals. This is:
Cluster sampling selects whole groups.
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Which statement correctly describes disproportionate stratified sampling?
Disproportionate means sample sizes differ from population proportions.
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A researcher deliberately oversamples a small stratum so that its sample proportion exceeds its population proportion. This is:
Disproportionate stratification does not match population proportions.
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A population consists of 70% urban and 30% rural teachers. A proportionate stratified sample should:
Proportionate sampling reflects population proportions.
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The primary rationale for stratified sampling is to:
Stratification ensures subgroup representation.
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A researcher divides teachers into age groups and randomly selects participants from each group. This is:
Stratified sampling selects from subgroups.
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A researcher numbers every individual and selects participants at regular intervals. This is:
Systematic sampling selects at regular intervals.
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Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. This is:
Simple random sampling gives equal chance to all.
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The defining feature of probability sampling is:
Probability sampling uses random selection.
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The principal purpose of sampling is to:
Sampling allows inference about a population.
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A researcher wants to study all Pakistani teachers but collects data from 800 selected teachers. The 800 teachers constitute the:
A sample is a subset of the population.
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The entire group about which conclusions are intended is called the:
The population is the entire target group.
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A recurring pattern observed across educational situations inspires a researcher to formulate a testable proposition. This source of hypothesis is:
General patterns can generate hypotheses.
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Which is not identified in the notes as a source of hypotheses?
Statistical significance is not a source of hypotheses.
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A hypothesis includes several independent and several dependent variables. It is classified as:
A hypothesis with multiple variables is complex.
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Which statement best distinguishes associative and causal hypotheses?
Associative hypotheses state relationships; causal hypotheses state cause-effect.
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A hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between variables. It is specifically a:
Causal hypotheses propose cause and effect.
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