Author name: Umar Draz

Why: The Watergate scandal (1972–74) involved a break-in at the Democratic headquarters and the Nixon administration’s cover-up. It forced Richard Nixon to resign, the only U.S. President ever to do so.

Why: Ibn Arabi, the Andalusian Sufi mystic, authored Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyah (“The Meccan Revelations”), a monumental work on spirituality and metaphysics.

Why: The UK functions under an unwritten constitution, based on statutes, conventions, judicial decisions, and traditions, unlike codified constitutions in most states.

Why: French thinker Auguste Comte introduced sociology as a discipline to scientifically study society and human behavior.

Why: The Durand Line agreement (1893) was concluded after the Second Anglo-Afghan War, demarcating the frontier between British India and Afghanistan.

Why: The Ottomans rose in Anatolia after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, building a vast empire that lasted until 1924.

Why: Biography literally means the written account of a person’s life, focusing on experiences, achievements, and significance.

Why: Action research is practitioner-focused, aiming to solve immediate problems and improve professional practices through iterative cycles of planning, acting, and reflecting.

Why: Bureaucratic dysfunction occurs when systems become rigid and inefficient, preventing adaptability and responsiveness to changing needs.

Why: Thomas Malthus was a British economist known for his theory that population growth tends to outpace food production, leading to scarcity.