Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between:

The question identifies Nagorno-Karabakh as a disputed region and asks which countries are involved in the dispute. The correct answer is Armenia and Azerbaijan.

• Nagorno-Karabakh is an ethnically Armenian-populated region that is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. The dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over this territory dates back to the collapse of the Soviet Union and has led to multiple wars and ongoing tensions. The conflict is rooted in historical claims, ethnic identity, and territorial integrity, with significant fighting occurring in the early 1990s and again in 2020 and 2023.
• Option B, Armenia and Turkey, is incorrect. While Turkey is a strong ally of Azerbaijan and has historically strained relations with Armenia, it is not a direct claimant to the Nagorno-Karabakh territory itself.
• Option C, Azerbaijan and Turkey, is incorrect. These two countries share close cultural and political ties and are allies, not disputing the Nagorno-Karabakh region between themselves.
• Option D, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, is incorrect. Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country with no direct involvement or territorial claims in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

The conflict remains a significant geopolitical flashpoint in the South Caucasus region.