Correct Answer:
A. The history of the world beginning after the Middle Ages
Understanding historical periodization is key here. Modern History, in a broad sense, refers to the period of global history that commenced after the Middle Ages (or Post-Classical Era). This era typically begins around the 16th century, marked by significant transformations like the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, and the Reformation, which fundamentally reshaped political, economic, and social landscapes worldwide.
- Option B describes social or cultural history, focusing on lived experiences, not a specific historical period.
- Option C describes economic history, concentrating on commercial systems, again not defining the 'Modern History' period itself.
Therefore, the correct definition of Modern History is its chronological placement following the Middle Ages.