Correct Answer:
C. Progressivism
The question asks which educational philosophy advocates "learning by doing" to develop problem-solving skills.
- Progressivism is the correct answer. This philosophy, significantly influenced by John Dewey, emphasizes that education should be child-centered and experiential. It advocates for active learning, where students engage in hands-on projects, problem-solving, and critical thinking based on real-world experiences, thereby developing practical skills and deeper understanding.
- Perennialism is incorrect. It focuses on timeless truths and enduring ideas, advocating for a curriculum based on classic works and intellectual development, often through lecture and discussion.
- Existentialism is incorrect. It emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and responsibility, focusing on self-discovery and meaning-making, rather than "learning by doing" as its primary pedagogical method.
- Essentialism is incorrect. It advocates for a strong core curriculum of essential knowledge and skills, emphasizing discipline, hard work, and traditional subjects, typically through direct instruction.
Progressivism's focus on active engagement directly aligns with "learning by doing."