Correct Answer:
A. Progressive educators
Explanation:
The correct answer is Progressive educators because the philosophy of Progressivism view education as a fluid, continuous reconstruction of experience rather than the enforcement of static, predefined truths.
- Step 1 (Philosophical Context): Progressive education, strongly influenced by pragmatists like John Dewey, rejects the idea of rigid, unchanging educational targets. Because society and the environment are constantly evolving, progressives believe that learning goals must remain flexible and adaptive to the immediate needs and growth of the individual learner.
- Step 2 (Values in Progressivism): In this view, values are not fixed elements floating in abstraction to be discovered 'in advance.' Instead, values are progressively discovered, tested, and refined through active problem-solving, social interaction, and real-world experience.
- Incorrect Options:
- Idealists is incorrect because Idealism posits that absolute, spiritual, and moral values are universal and permanent, meaning educational aims are completely fixed in advance.
- Realists is incorrect because Realism asserts that the physical world operates under fixed objective laws, so the goal of education is to systematically transmit this pre-existing factual knowledge to students.
- Marxists is incorrect because Marxist educational philosophy centers on a structured framework aimed at critique, overcoming class structures, and fostering collective social and economic labor values.