Collective bargaining is negotiation between:

The correct answer is Employer and union representatives. Collective bargaining is a fundamental process in labor relations where representatives of management (the employer) and employee unions negotiate wages, hours, benefits, and other terms and conditions of employment. The goal is to reach a collective bargaining agreement that governs the employment relationship for a specified period.

• HR and line managers (A) engage in internal discussions about HR policies and employee management, but this is not collective bargaining.
• Two competing companies (C) might engage in business negotiations, mergers, or acquisitions, which are distinct from labor negotiations.
• Government and employers (D) might interact on regulatory matters or policy discussions, but this is not the direct negotiation of employment terms between an employer and its organized workforce.