The _ program initializes all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device controllers and the contents of main memory, and then starts the operating system.

The bootstrap program is the initial software that runs when a computer is powered on or restarted. It performs essential tasks like:

Initializing hardware components

Loading the operating system into memory

Transferring control to the operating system

Essentially, it bridges the gap between hardware and software, setting the stage for the operating system to take over.