Which network protocol is used to resolve human-readable domain names into IP addresses?

Network communications rely on numerical IP addresses, whereas humans interact more efficiently using text-based domain names.

• The DNS (Domain Name System) protocol serves as the directory of the internet, resolving human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses.
• The other protocols serve different application layers: HTTP manages web content delivery, FTP handles file transfers, and SMTP routes email transmissions.