Correct answer: Follow safeguarding procedures and disclose only what the risk requires. Credible information about imminent serious harm requires following safeguarding procedures and disclosing only what the risk requires.

• Preserve complete confidentiality regardless of the identified danger. Confidentiality has limits and gives way to imminent serious danger.
• Inform the learner's classmates so that they can monitor the situation. Informing classmates breaches confidentiality and is not a safeguarding procedure.
• Wait until the threatened harm actually occurs before taking action. Waiting until harm occurs is negligent.

Correct answer: National Vocational and Technical Training Commission The National Vocational and Technical Training Commission (NAVTTC) has the central coordination role in technical and vocational education and training.

• Higher Education Commission The Higher Education Commission covers higher education.
• National Curriculum Council The National Curriculum Council covers school curriculum.
• Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education A Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts school examinations.

Correct answer: Higher Education Commission The Higher Education Commission is the national body for coordination and quality assurance in higher education.

• National Curriculum Council The National Curriculum Council works on school curriculum, not higher-education quality assurance.
• Inter Provincial Education Ministers Conference The Inter Provincial Education Ministers Conference coordinates policy among education ministers.
• Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education A Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts school examinations.

Correct answer: Conduct and certify secondary and higher-secondary examinations. A Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts and certifies the secondary and higher-secondary examinations.

• Appoint all teachers serving in government schools. Teachers are appointed by the education departments and provincial governments, not by the boards.
• Write every textbook used within its jurisdiction. Textbooks are produced by textbook boards and publishers, not by every examination board.
• Set the annual development budget of every school. School budgets are decided by governments, not by examination boards.

Correct answer: Higher-secondary/intermediate stage After the Secondary School Certificate (grades 9–10), learners normally enter the higher-secondary (intermediate) stage.

• Middle-school stage The middle-school stage comes before the SSC.
• Post-secondary diploma stage A post-secondary diploma is an alternative pathway, not the ordinary next stage.
• Undergraduate degree stage The undergraduate degree stage normally follows higher secondary, not the SSC.

Correct answer: Obtain consent and assent, with stated confidentiality limits. Obtaining consent (from parents or guardians) and assent (from the children), while stating the limits of confidentiality, is the ethically sound approach.

• Rely solely on the headteacher's approval for every participant. The headteacher’s approval alone does not replace consent and assent.
• Promise complete confidentiality even when safeguarding concerns arise. Complete confidentiality cannot be promised when safeguarding concerns arise.
• Record identifiable responses and retain them for external verification. Retaining identifiable recordings for external verification puts privacy at risk.

Correct answer: The null hypothesis of zero difference is rejected. The interval 2.1 to 5.7 does not include zero, so the null hypothesis of zero difference is rejected at the 5% level.

• The population difference is guaranteed to lie inside the interval. A confidence interval does not guarantee that the population value lies inside it.
• The two sample means must have been equal before analysis. The sample means differ, as the interval shows a positive difference.
• The result proves practical importance in every educational setting. Statistical significance does not prove practical importance.

Correct answer: longitudinal study Studying the same cohort repeatedly over Grades 6, 7 and 8 is a longitudinal study.

• cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study collects data at one time, often from different groups.
• case-control study A case-control study compares people with and without an outcome.
• post-test-only study A post-test-only study measures once after treatment.

Correct answer: confounding variable Prior achievement is related to both app use and achievement scores, so it is a potential confounding variable.

• mediator A mediator lies on the causal path between app use and achievement.
• sampling frame A sampling frame is the list from which a sample is drawn.
• dependent variable The dependent variable here is achievement, not prior achievement.

Correct answer: operational definition Defining “regular attendance” as at least 90% of scheduled days says exactly how the concept will be measured, which is an operational definition.

• theoretical framework A theoretical framework explains relationships among concepts.
• sampling criterion only This statement defines a measure, and it is not only a rule for selecting a sample.
• null hypothesis A null hypothesis states that there is no effect or difference.

Correct answer: triangulation Using several data sources and checking whether findings converge is triangulation.

• randomization Randomization assigns participants to groups by chance.
• statistical control Statistical control adjusts for other variables in analysis.
• test equating Test equating makes scores from different test forms comparable.