EST FGEI Solved Paper 2026

The correct answer is C: Chaudhry Rehmat Ali. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali was a Pakistani Muslim nationalist who is credited with coining the name "Pakistan." He was also the author of the highly influential pamphlet titled "Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" which was published in 1933. In this pivotal document, he passionately advocated for the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern India. He articulated the two-nation theory and famously proposed the name "Pakistan" as an acronym for the Muslim-majority regions: Punjab, Afghan (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan. This pamphlet played a crucial role in shaping the political discourse that ultimately led to the partition of British India.

• A: Muhammad Ali Jinnah is incorrect. While Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, he did not write "Now or Never." He adopted the concept of Pakistan later and led the movement.
• B: Allama Iqbal is incorrect. Allama Iqbal was a renowned poet, philosopher, and political theorist who envisioned a separate state for Muslims in northwestern India, most notably in his Allahabad Address in 1930. However, he was not the author of this specific pamphlet.
• D: Liaquat Ali Khan is incorrect. Liaquat Ali Khan was Pakistan's first Prime Minister and a close associate of Jinnah, playing a vital role in the country's early years, but he was not the author of "Now or Never."

The correct answer is B: 2500 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization, also widely known as the Harappan Civilization, represents one of the world's earliest and most significant urban civilizations. It primarily flourished in the basins of the Indus River, encompassing vast areas of modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. Its mature phase, characterized by sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage systems, and extensive trade networks, is generally dated from approximately 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE. During this period, prominent cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa reached their peak, showcasing remarkable architectural and societal development that predated many other major ancient civilizations in terms of urban complexity.

• A: 1500 BC is incorrect. By 1500 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization was largely in decline or had collapsed, and the Vedic period was beginning to emerge in the Indian subcontinent.
• C: 1000 BC is incorrect. This period is much too late for the flourishing of the Indus Valley Civilization, falling well into the post-Indus period, during which the Iron Age was beginning to establish itself.
• D: 500 BC is incorrect. 500 BC is considerably later, corresponding to the rise of major empires and the early classical period in South Asian history, long after the Indus Valley Civilization's existence.

The correct answer is B: 1972. The Simla Agreement was a pivotal peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on July 2, 1972, in Simla, India. This agreement came in the aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a conflict that led to the creation of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) and significantly altered the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. The primary objectives of the Simla Agreement were to normalize relations between the two countries, resolve the immediate consequences of the war, including the repatriation of prisoners of war, and establish a new Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir. Crucially, it committed both nations to resolve all their disputes bilaterally and through peaceful means.

• A: 1971 is incorrect. 1971 was the year of the Bangladesh Liberation War itself, which precipitated the need for the Simla Agreement, but the agreement was not signed in that year.
• C: 1965 is incorrect. 1965 was the year of the Second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir, which was followed by the Tashkent Declaration in 1966, not the Simla Agreement.
• D: 1950 is incorrect. This year is far too early and predates the major conflicts and events that necessitated the signing of the Simla Agreement.

The correct answer is C: 96 km. Sir Creek is a 96-kilometer (approximately 60-mile) tidal estuary located in the marshy Rann of Kutch region. It serves as a disputed maritime boundary between India and Pakistan. This geographical feature flows into the Arabian Sea and has been a long-standing point of contention between the two neighboring countries. The dispute primarily revolves around fishing rights, potential oil and gas reserves, and the precise demarcation of the international border in this challenging, difficult terrain. The length of 96 km is the most widely recognized and cited measurement in geographical and political discussions concerning this sensitive border region.

• A: 92 km is incorrect. While numerically close, 92 km is not the widely accepted length of Sir Creek.
• B: 94 km is incorrect. Similar to 92 km, 94 km is a close but inaccurate measurement for the total length of the creek.
• D: 98 km is incorrect. This option, like the others, is a distracter numerically close to the correct value but does not represent the established length of 96 km for Sir Creek.

The Pakistan Resolution, also known as the Lahore Resolution, was presented by A.K. Fazlul Haq in 1940. At the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held in Lahore on March 23, 1940, A.K. Fazlul Haq, who was the then Chief Minister of Bengal, formally moved the resolution. This historic resolution called for the creation of independent states for Muslims in the northwestern and eastern zones of British India where Muslims constituted a majority, effectively laying the groundwork for the demand of a separate Muslim homeland.

• Option A, “Liaquat Ali Khan,” was a prominent leader of the Muslim League and later became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. While he played a crucial role in the Pakistan Movement and supported the resolution, he was not the individual who formally presented it.
• Option C, “Chaudhry Rehmat Ali,” is widely credited with coining the name “Pakistan” in 1933. He was a fervent advocate for a separate Muslim state but was not present at the 1940 Lahore session and did not move the resolution. His contribution was primarily ideological.
• Option D, “Muhammad Ali Jinnah,” known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader), was the President of the All-India Muslim League at the time and presided over the 1940 Lahore session. He delivered the presidential address that outlined the rationale for a separate Muslim nation but did not formally move the resolution himself; A.K. Fazlul Haq did. Jinnah's leadership was instrumental, but Haq was the presenter.

In 1961, President Ayub Khan promulgated the Family Laws Ordinance. Specifically, this refers to the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO) of 1961, which was a landmark piece of legislation in Pakistan. The MFLO introduced significant reforms to the personal laws of Muslims in the country, aiming to regulate aspects such as marriage registration, divorce procedures, polygamy, and inheritance. Its primary objective was to modernize family law in line with contemporary societal needs and to provide greater protection for women and children within the framework of Islamic principles.

• Option A, “Trade Laws Ordinance,” is incorrect. While Ayub Khan's government focused on economic development and enacted various laws related to trade, there isn't a specific, widely recognized
  

The correct answer is D: Balochistan. Hamoon-e-Mashkel is a significant, albeit often dry, salt lake located in the Washuk District of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is an important ecological site, particularly for migratory birds, when it receives water. Its geographical position is firmly within the vast, arid landscape of Balochistan, which is known for its diverse terrain, including several such inland lakes or hamoons. The term 'Hamoon' itself refers to an inland seasonal lake or wetland, common in arid regions like Balochistan.

• A: KPK (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) is incorrect. KPK is located in the northwest of Pakistan and is known for its mountainous terrain and major rivers like the Kabul and Swat; it does not host Hamoon-e-Mashkel.
• B: Punjab is incorrect. Punjab is in the east and central part of Pakistan, characterized by fertile plains watered by the five rivers; it is geographically distinct from the arid region where this lake is found.
• C: Sindh is incorrect. Sindh is in the southeast, famous for the Indus River Delta and its coastal areas. While Sindh has its own wetlands and lakes, Hamoon-e-Mashkel is not within its provincial boundaries but rather in the western province of Balochistan.

The correct answer is A: 1956. Pakistan officially adopted its first constitution on March 23, 1956. This landmark constitution proclaimed Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, a significant shift from its initial status as a dominion within the British Commonwealth. This event marked a crucial milestone in the country's political and religious identity, laying the groundwork for its future governance structure and explicitly incorporating Islamic principles into its state name and legal framework. The 1956 Constitution reflected the aspirations of its founders for a state that balanced modern democratic principles with its Islamic heritage, establishing the country's foundational identity.

• B: 1962 is incorrect. This year saw the promulgation of a new constitution under General Ayub Khan, which altered the governmental structure but did not establish Pakistan as an Islamic Republic; that status was already set.
• C: 1973 is incorrect. Pakistan adopted its third and current constitution in 1973, which further solidified its identity as an Islamic Republic and enshrined more detailed Islamic provisions. However, it was not the year the country *first became* an Islamic Republic.
• D: 1947 is incorrect. 1947 is the year Pakistan gained independence from British rule. It was initially established as the Dominion of Pakistan, not yet formally an Islamic Republic, with the identity formalized a decade later.

The correct answer is B: 1967. While the decision to shift Pakistan's capital from Karachi to a new, purpose-built city, Islamabad, was made in 1959, and initial construction began shortly thereafter, the actual formal transfer and establishment of Islamabad as the fully functioning capital occurred progressively. Major governmental functions and the President's residence were fully relocated and made operational in Islamabad by 1967. This move was strategically planned to decentralize power away from the commercial hub of Karachi, foster development in the northern regions, and provide a more geographically central and secure location for the capital, reflecting a new national vision.

• A: 1959 is incorrect. This was the year the decision was made to build a new capital and the foundation stone for Islamabad was laid, marking the *beginning* of the process, not its completion.
• C: 1960 is incorrect. 1960 marked the official inauguration of Islamabad as the new capital and the start of administrative relocation. However, the complete shift of all major government offices and the full operational status of Islamabad as the capital took several more years to materialize.
• D: 1972 is incorrect. This year is much later and does not correspond to the timeframe of the capital shift. 1972 is notably associated with the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan.