Author name: Umar Draz

The architect of the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan is Vedat Dalokay. He was a Turkish architect who won an international design competition for the mosque in 1969.

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The Partition of Bengal and Lord Curzon
The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a highly controversial event in British colonial India. Here's a breakdown with some details about Lord Curzon's role:

Viceroy Lord Curzon (1899-1905):

Motivation for Partition: Curzon argued that the existing province of Bengal, encompassing a large area and population, was becoming unwieldy to administer. He proposed dividing it into two provinces: a western province with a Hindu majority and an eastern province with a Muslim majority.
Official Reasons: The British government cited administrative efficiency as the primary reason for the partition. However, many historians believe there were other motives at play.
Unintended Consequences: The partition triggered widespread protests and nationalist movements in Bengal. Hindus felt their dominance was being challenged, while Muslims felt the new province lacked resources and political power.
Opposition and Unrest:

Nationalist Uprising: The partition fueled the rise of Indian nationalism. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Rabindranath Tagore vehemently opposed the decision and organized protests, boycotts, and a movement for national unity.
Swadeshi Movement: The Swadeshi movement, promoting the use of indigenous Indian goods over British imports, gained momentum as a form of economic protest.
Reversal of Partition:

Growing Unrest: The widespread agitation and growing unrest forced the British government to reconsider the partition.
Partial Reunification: In 1911, the eastern province was further divided, creating a separate province for Bihar and Orissa. A portion of the eastern Bengal province was reunited with Bengal, but the Muslim-majority areas remained a separate entity (East Bengal and Assam).
Legacy of Partition:

Seeds of Division: The partition of Bengal sowed the seeds of religious and political division that would ultimately lead to the partition of India in 1947.

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Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also constructed the Taj Mahal.

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The answer is D. Constitutional.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, also known as the Mont-Ford Reforms, were aimed at introducing a gradual system of self-government in British India. These reforms were a significant step towards eventual independence.

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The War of Independence in 1857 started in the city of Meerut, located around 40 miles northeast of Delhi. It began as a mutiny of sepoys, Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army, who rebelled against perceived injustices and religious offenses. This uprising quickly spread to other parts of India, though it was ultimately unsuccessful in overthrowing British rule.

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The Scientific Society you're referring to was most likely the Scientific Society of Aligarh, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

Here's why:

Date Alignment: While the exact date you provided (July 9th, 1864) might differ slightly from some sources mentioning January 1864, the general timeframe aligns with the founding of the Scientific Society of Aligarh by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.
Focus: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a prominent figure in 19th-century India known for his advocacy for Muslim education and social reforms. The Scientific Society aimed to translate Western scientific and literary works into vernacular languages like Urdu and Hindi, promoting scientific knowledge among the Indian population.

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The Khyber Pass connects Pakistan with Afghanistan. Specifically, it links the city of Peshawar in Pakistan with Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan.

Here are some other important mountain passes in Pakistan:

Bolan Pass: This pass connects Sibi in Balochistan with Quetta, a major city in the province. It has historical significance as part of a trade route.
Babusar Pass: This pass connects Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Gilgit-Baltistan, a northern territory of Pakistan. It's known for its scenic beauty but can be treacherous due to high altitude and weather conditions.
Karakoram Pass: This high-altitude pass on the China-Pakistan border is famous for being part of the Karakoram Highway, one of the highest paved roads in the world.

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The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan is a detailed document outlining the framework of the government and the fundamental rights of its citizens. Here's a breakdown of its key components:

Parts:

Part I: Introductory (Articles 1-6): This part lays the groundwork by declaring Pakistan an Islamic Republic and outlining its sovereignty.

Part II: Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy (Articles 7-40): This is a crucial section that defines the fundamental rights guaranteed to Pakistani citizens, such as:

Equality before law (Article 25)
Freedom of movement (Article 15)
Freedom of speech (Article 19)
Freedom of religion (Article 20)
Right to life and liberty (Article 23)
Protection against torture (Article 24)
This part also outlines the principles of policy the government should follow, promoting social justice, Islamic values, and economic well-being.

Part III: The Federation (Articles 41-237): This is the largest part, delving into the structure and powers of the federal government. It covers:

The Bicameral Legislature (Parliament) with its powers and limitations (Articles 50-77)
The Executive Branch, including the President and Prime Minister, their roles and responsibilities (Articles 41-44 & 90-96)
The Judiciary, outlining the court system and its independence (Articles 175-203)
Distribution of legislative powers between the federal and provincial governments (Articles 70 & 72)
Financial provisions related to taxation and budgeting (Articles 160-169)
Part IV: Provinces (Articles 238-279): This part defines the structure and powers of the four provinces of Pakistan. It covers:

Provincial Assemblies and their legislative powers
Provincial Governors and their roles
High Courts in each province
Part V: Relations between the Federation and the Provinces (Articles 280-288): This part outlines how the federal government and the provinces should cooperate and resolve any disputes.

Part VI: Islamic Provisions (Articles 289-290): This part emphasizes the importance of Islam in the Pakistani state and the enforcement of Islamic laws according to the Quran and Sunnah.

Part VII: Amendments to the Constitution (Articles 290A-291): This part details the process for amending the Constitution.

It's important to note:

The Constitution has been amended several times since 1973.
There are ongoing debates and interpretations regarding the balance of power between the federal government and the provinces.
For a deeper understanding, you can access the full text of the Constitution here: https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf

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