Author name: Umar Draz

Competency-based curriculum focuses on building skills and competencies, including critical thinking and problem-solving.

Progressivism emphasizes experiential learning, hands-on activities, and real-world applications of knowledge.

The test-retest method measures reliability by administering the same test to the same subjects at different times to check consistency in results.

The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in 1972 under an educational policy aimed at promoting distance learning.

The Charter Act of 1813 was a key legislative act by the British Parliament that extended the East India Company's charter and allowed missionaries to spread education in India.

The Indian Education Commission (1882), also known as the Hunter Commission, was established under Sir William Hunter to assess the state of education in British India.

Education plays sociological roles by conserving societal values, encouraging critical thinking, and fostering creativity in individuals.

"Learning by doing" emphasizes that direct experience is the most effective way to acquire knowledge.

The law of recurrence suggests that human development follows a cyclical pattern, involving movements between extremes and balance.

Heredity refers to genetic traits passed from parents to their offspring.