Pavlov’s work was with:
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments famously involved dogs, studying their salivation responses. Cats, rats, and rabbits were not the primary subjects of his groundbreaking work, making option D correct.
Trial and error theory was presented by:
Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect and trial and error learning. Pavlov, Skinner, and Burner are associated with classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning, making option B correct.
Which school of thought does Sigmund Freud belong to:
Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious drives and early experiences. Humanistic, structuralism, and behaviourism are different schools of thought with distinct founders and principles, making option B correct.
Semantic Memory is:
Semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts, like meanings of words, making option A correct. Options B, C, and D describe episodic, procedural, and context-dependent memory, respectively, which are distinct types.
The linguistic relativity hypothesis is the notion that:
The linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proposes that one's language directly determines the nature of one's thought processes.
Chomsky proposed that children learn a language:
Chomsky proposed that children learn language due to an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which facilitates the acquisition of universal grammar.
Based on the work with Kanzi, which statement best summarizes the current status of the research on whether chimps can learn language?
Studies with Kanzi show chimps can acquire some language skills, including rule use, but human linguistic capacities are significantly more advanced.
Research suggests that bilingualism has a negative effect on:
Research generally indicates that bilingualism has positive or neutral effects on cognitive and language development, not negative ones.
The 2 year old child who refers to every four legged animal as “doggie” is making which of the following errors?
Overextension is when a child applies a word too broadly, using "doggie" for all four-legged animals, demonstrating an expanded category.
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events is called as:
A schema is an organized mental framework or cluster of knowledge that helps individuals interpret and process information about the world.
Which statement best represents current evidence on the durability of long term storage?
Current evidence suggests that not all long-term memories are permanently stored, challenging the idea of perfect, indelible memory recall.
According to Miller, the capacity of short term memory is:
George Miller's classic research established that short-term memory typically holds about seven plus or minus two "chunks" of information.
The word “big” is flashed on a screen. A mental picture of the word “big” represents a ________ code; the definition “large in size” represents a ________ code; “sounds like pig” represents a ________ code:
The correct sequence is Structural; Semantic; Phonemic. In cognitive psychology, information can be encoded in different ways depending on how it is processed by the brain. A structural code refers to the visual appearance of a word, such as its letters, shape, font, or capitalization. A semantic code represents the meaning of a word, while a phonemic code relates to its sound or pronunciation. These three forms of encoding are fundamental concepts in memory and information processing and are commonly studied in psychology and educational sciences.
In this question, seeing the word "big" on a screen creates a structural code because the brain first processes its visual form. The definition "large in size" represents a semantic code because it conveys the word's meaning. Finally, the phrase "sounds like pig" represents a phonemic code because it focuses on pronunciation and sound similarity. This classification aligns with the levels of information processing used in human memory and demonstrates how the brain stores and retrieves different types of information efficiently.
Why the other options are incorrect:
- Structural; phonemic; semantic is incorrect because the definition "large in size" represents meaning (semantic), not sound (phonemic).
- Phonemic; semantic; structural is incorrect because the visual appearance of the word is processed structurally, not phonemically.
- Phonemic; structural; semantic is incorrect because the first code should be structural, the second semantic, and the third phonemic.
Getting information into memory is called ________; getting information out of memory is called:
The correct answer is Encoding; retrieval. In the three-stage model of memory, encoding is the initial process of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. This is analogous to typing information into a computer. Once encoded, the information is then maintained over time through storage, which is the retention of encoded information. Finally, retrieval is the process of locating and accessing that stored information when it is needed, much like opening a file on a computer. Option A incorrectly pairs storage with the input process. Option B incorrectly pairs encoding with storage as the output process, and Option D reverses the correct order and misidentifies the processes. Understanding these distinct stages—encoding, storage, and retrieval—is fundamental to comprehending how memory functions.
The second step in a self modification program is to:
A self-modification program typically begins with identifying and specifying the target behavior. However, the question asks for the second step. After clearly defining the behavior, the crucial next action is to gather baseline data. This involves systematically observing and recording the frequency, duration, or intensity of the target behavior before any intervention begins. This baseline data provides a critical benchmark against which the effectiveness of the subsequent intervention can be objectively measured. Without this initial data, it's impossible to determine if the self-modification program is actually working or if changes are merely coincidental. Designing your program comes after understanding the baseline, as the design strategy depends on the initial data. Setting up a behavioral contract is a specific technique that might be part of the program design, not the second universal step.
The link between physical punishment and subsequent aggressive behavior is probably best explained by:
Observational learning best explains the link between physical punishment and aggression, as individuals learn and imitate aggressive behaviors by observing others. Other options do not directly address the modeling of aggression.
Skinner maintained that reinforcement determines the ________ of a response; Bandura maintains that reinforcement determines the ________ of a response:
Skinner believed reinforcement directly shapes behavior acquisition. Bandura, however, argued that reinforcement primarily influences the performance of a learned behavior, not necessarily its initial acquisition, which can occur through observation.
According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on:
According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on the contingency, or predictive value, of the CS for the UCS. This means the percentage of trials where the CS reliably predicts the UCS is crucial.
Breland and Breland described how animals’ innate responses can distort conditioning processes, a phenomenon they called:
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of an animal to revert to innate, species-specific behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. This phenomenon highlights the biological constraints on learning, making other options incorrect.
According to the two process theory, a fear response is acquired due to ________ conditioning; it is maintained due to ________ conditioning:
The two-process theory states that fear is initially acquired through classical conditioning and then maintained through operant conditioning, where avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced. Other options misrepresent this dual process.
Positive reinforcement ________ the rate of responding; negative reinforcement ________ the rate of responding:
Both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen or increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive one, both leading to increased responding.
The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of a pattern of responding typically generated on a ________ schedule:
A variable ratio schedule delivers reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high, steady rates of responding, like slot machine play. Other schedules produce different response patterns, such as pauses or less consistent rates.
A primary reinforcer has ________ reinforcing properties; a secondary reinforcer has ________ reinforcing properties:
Primary reinforcers are inherently satisfying due to biological needs, while secondary reinforcers gain their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers. Options B, C, and D incorrectly describe the fundamental nature of these reinforcers.
In a Skinner box, the dependent variable is:
In a Skinner box, the dependent variable is the rate of responding, which measures how frequently the subject performs the operant behavior. Other options are either independent variables or irrelevant to the primary measurement.