PPSC MODEL PAPER 173 CLUB CASE ID – 117 (2025)

This question tests knowledge of a significant historical event: the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

• Foundational Concept: The Soviet Union, a socialist state in Eurasia, existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991.
• Correct Answer (1991): The USSR officially ceased to exist on December 26, 1991. This followed a period of political and economic turmoil, culminating in the Alma-Ata Protocol and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev.
• Why other options are false:
  • 1989: This year marked the fall of the Berlin Wall and the beginning of the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, but the USSR itself was still intact.
  • 1997: This date is too late; the USSR had already dissolved.
  • 1999: This date is also too late, well after the Soviet Union's collapse.

This question relates to the levels of analysis in international relations, which are frameworks for understanding global events.

• Foundational Concept: Levels of analysis help categorize the causes and effects of international phenomena. The main levels are individual, domestic (or state), and global (or systemic).
• Correct Answer (Global level): The Global level of analysis focuses on the international system as a whole. It examines how the structure of the international system, such as the distribution of power among states (e.g., unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) or the presence of international norms and institutions, influences the interactions and relations between states.
• Why other options are false:
  • Individual level: Focuses on the decisions, personalities, and perceptions of individual leaders.
  • Domestic level: Focuses on the internal characteristics of states, such as their political systems, economic structures, or societal values.
  • Bureaucratic level: Often considered a sub-category of the domestic level, it examines the role of government agencies and their internal politics in shaping foreign policy.

The term “Cold War” was first popularized by Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor. He used the phrase in a speech on April 16, 1947, to describe the geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, emphasizing a state of conflict without direct military engagement. While George Orwell used the term earlier in an essay, Baruch's public address brought it into widespread political discourse.

• F.D. Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill were key leaders during World War II and the immediate post-war period, but they are not credited with coining or popularizing the term "Cold War."

India procured the advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile system from Russia. This deal, signed in 2018, is a cornerstone of India's defense modernization efforts, significantly enhancing its air defense capabilities against various aerial threats. The S-400 is a highly sophisticated system known for its long-range and multi-target engagement capabilities, making Russia a crucial strategic defense partner for India.

• UK, Germany, and US are also major arms exporters, but the S-400 system is exclusively manufactured and supplied by Russia, making them incorrect options for this specific procurement.

Hans J. Morgenthau is most closely associated with Realism theory in international relations. His seminal work, "Politics Among Nations," published in 1948, laid the foundation for classical realism, emphasizing that states are the primary actors, driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power in an anarchic international system. Morgenthau's six principles of political realism remain highly influential in understanding global politics.

• John Locke and Immanuel Kant are foundational thinkers for liberal and idealist traditions, focusing on cooperation and moral principles. Thomas Hobbes's ideas on human nature influenced realism, but Morgenthau is the direct and most prominent figure in IR theory for classical realism.

Foundational Concept: The Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe led to its control over parts of Hungary for a significant period, impacting its history and culture.

Correct Answer: The Ottoman occupation of central Hungary began with the capture of Buda in 1541 and largely ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. This period spans approximately 158 years, making it the accurate duration of direct Ottoman control over a substantial part of Hungary.

• 111 years is incorrect as it does not align with the historical timeline of Ottoman rule.
• 135 years is also an inaccurate duration for the primary period of Ottoman control.
• 190 years significantly overestimates the duration of direct Ottoman rule in central Hungary.

Foundational Concept: Globalization, while offering benefits, has also spurred movements critical of its economic, social, and environmental impacts.

Correct Answer: The term Global Justice Movement accurately describes the broad coalition of activists and organizations that oppose corporate globalization and advocate for greater social, economic, and environmental justice worldwide. It encompasses diverse groups with shared concerns about inequality and corporate power.

• The North South Movement refers to the economic and political divide between developed and developing nations, not the overarching anti-globalization movement.
• The East West Movement typically refers to geopolitical divisions, particularly during the Cold War, and is unrelated to anti-globalization.
• The Anti-WTO Movement is a specific component or target within the broader anti-globalization efforts, focusing on the World Trade Organization, but not the name for the entire movement.

Foundational Concept: Credit rating agencies play a crucial role in financial markets by assessing the risk associated with debt instruments and borrowers.

Correct Answer: Fitch Ratings is one of the 'Big Three' credit rating agencies globally. Its indicators and surveys are primarily used to assess the Creditworthiness of the borrower country (or other entities), indicating their capacity and willingness to meet their financial obligations.

• Returning capacity of loan by lender country is incorrect; Fitch assesses the borrower's ability to repay, not the lender's capacity to return.
• Given amount of loan by lender is not what Fitch indicators primarily show; they focus on the risk associated with repayment, not the loan size itself.
• While GDP Growth is a factor in economic health, Fitch's core function is to evaluate credit risk and repayment ability, which is a more specific assessment than just GDP growth.

Foundational Concept: Each Olympic Games adopts a unique theme or slogan to encapsulate its spirit, values, and message to the world.

Correct Answer: The official theme for the 2016 Rio Olympic and Paralympic Games was A New World (Portuguese: "Um Mundo Novo"). This theme reflected Brazil's aspirations and its role in hosting the first Olympic Games in South America, symbolizing new beginnings and possibilities.

• One World, One Dream was the official slogan for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
• Inspire a Generation was the official slogan for the London 2012 Olympic Games.
• Share the Spirit was the official slogan for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

This question tests geographical knowledge, specifically distinguishing between states of the United States and other sovereign nations or regions in the Americas. Canada is a large country located in North America, bordering the United States, but it is not one of the 50 states of the USA. Therefore, it is the correct answer.

• Paraguay is a sovereign country in South America, not a state of the USA.
• Alaska is the largest state by area in the United States, located in the northwest extremity of North America.
• Texas is the second-largest state by both area and population in the United States, located in the south-central region.

The distractors B and D are actual American states, while A and C are countries, with C being the designated correct answer for "not an American state" in the context of US states.