judiciary and Law

Judiciary and Law MCQs – A comprehensive collection of Law multiple choice questions with answers for PPSC, FPSC, CSS, PMS, and all other competitive exams. These MCQs cover important topics such as the Constitution of Pakistan, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Evidence Act, Contract Act, PPC, CrPC, CPC, Islamic Law, and Judiciary System. Designed for law graduates, students, and candidates preparing for judicial exams and legal recruitment tests. Download Judiciary & Law MCQs PDF, attempt online quizzes, and practice past paper questions to boost your exam preparation.

 

Table of Content

The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024 — Summary






The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024 — Summary



The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024

Enacted by the Punjab Assembly on 14 June 2024 — Summary and key provisions

The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024 is a provincial legislative framework
designed to regulate the price, supply, and trade of essential commodities within the province of Punjab.
The Act empowers provincial authorities to set price limits, prevent hoarding and black marketing, and establish
institutional mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement to protect consumers from artificial price increases
and exploitation.

Objectives & Purpose

  • Prevent profiteering: To curb artificial price hikes, profiteering, and exploitation by traders and middlemen.
  • Protect consumers: To ensure that consumers have access to essential commodities at fair and stable prices.
  • Strengthen oversight: To establish institutional mechanisms for monitoring, enforcement, and price regulation across the province.

Key Features & Provisions

1. Scope and Application

  • The Act applies throughout the province of Punjab.
  • It takes effect immediately upon enactment.
  • The term “essential commodities” is defined in a Schedule attached to the Act, which lists goods subject to price controls.

2. Authorities & Institutional Structure

  • Price Control Council: A council is constituted to provide policy guidance, oversight, and strategic direction for price-control measures.
  • Controllers of Prices & Supplies: District-level controllers are designated to supervise local enforcement and implementation.
  • Provincial Controller General & Secretariat: A provincial coordinating office and secretariat are established to manage administration, data collection, and inter-district coordination.

3. Price Regulation & Controls

  • Price-setting powers: The provincial government may determine, monitor, and publish wholesale and retail price limits for items listed as essential commodities.
  • Sales restrictions: It is prohibited to sell essential commodities above government-fixed prices; dealers may be required to display official price lists at points of sale.
  • Anti-hoarding measures: The Act provides authorities with powers to inspect premises, seize hoarded stock, and take action against black marketing and unlawful storage intended to manipulate supply and price.

4. Monitoring & Reporting

  • The Act requires systematic monitoring and reporting of price data for essential items across districts to detect irregularities and trends.
  • Regular market reports and data collection enable authorities to respond quickly to supply shocks or sharp price movements.

5. Enforcement & Penalties

  • Enforcement mechanisms include inspections, search and seizure powers, fines, and other administrative penalties for violations of price controls.
  • Legal and administrative procedures are provided to adjudicate violations and impose corrective measures.

6. Amendment Provisions (Recent Developments)

Subsequent amendment proposals have focused on refining the Act’s institutional arrangements, adjusting the composition and powers of the Price Control Council,
and strengthening administrative alignment with the department responsible for price control and commodities management.

Significance & Implications

The Act represents a significant intervention by provincial authorities in markets for essential goods with the primary goal of protecting consumers.
Through transparent price ceilings and active market oversight, the law seeks to reduce opportunities for exploitation by intermediaries and to stabilise
retail prices during periods of volatility.

Effective implementation requires sufficient administrative capacity, coordination among departments and district offices, and safeguards against misuse.
The success of the Act depends on timely data collection, transparent communication of price decisions, and fair, consistent enforcement that balances consumer protection
with market functioning.

Concluding Remarks

The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024, provides a legal framework for price monitoring and control tailored to the province’s needs.
By combining price-setting powers with monitoring, enforcement, and institutional structures, the Act aims to improve price stability and access to essential commodities
for consumers while deterring hoarding, black marketing, and unjustified profiteering.

Prepared as a concise explanatory article summarising the Act’s main elements and likely implications for consumers, traders, and provincial administrators.



Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967 – Solved MCQs

Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967 – Solved MCQs

If You want to download these MCQs there is Download Button at the End of This Page .

Act Enforced

Dec 07, 1967

Chapters

15

Sections

184

Schedules

1

Exam Tip: Focus on sections 22–32 (procedural), mutation (Section 42 & 46), assessment (56–58), recovery (80–81, 88) and records (Jamabandi/Khasra/Khatauni).

100 Solved MCQs

  1. The West Pakistan Land Revenue Act was enforced on Dec 07, 1967.
  2. The Punjab Land Revenue Act is divided into 15 chapters.
  3. The Sections in the Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967 are 184.
  4. The Schedules in Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967 are One.
  5. Lambardar is the most important functionary at Village level.
  6. Lambardar is given 5% of Land Revenue which is called Pachotra.
  7. The West Pakistan Land Revenue Act was passed on 4th November 1967.
  8. The income a nation collects from Taxes is called Revenue.
  9. Holdings of a landowner are called Khata.
  10. A list of owner’s holdings is called Khewat Number.
  11. Survey Number is also called Khasra Number.
  12. Village officers are Kanungo, Patwaries, Kotars, Lambardars.
  13. Hereditary Lambardari system was abolished by Supreme Court of Pakistan.
  14. Hereditary Lambardari system was abolished by SC in 2002.
  15. Period of limitation for an Appeal before Collector — 30 days.
  16. Period of limitation for an Appeal before Commissioner — 60 days.
  17. Period of limitation for an Appeal before Board of Revenue — 90 days.
  18. Types of revenue officers — 5.
  19. Revenue Administration of a Tehsil is entrusted to Tehsildar.
  20. Inspection of Harvest is called Girdawri.
  21. Shajra Kishtwar — Map of a village showing position & boundary of every field.
  22. Mutation is laid down under Section 42 of Land Revenue Act 1967.
  23. The post next higher to Patwari is Kanungo.
  24. The register of crops inspection is called Khasra Girdawri.
  25. Vernacular word for mutation — Intiqal.
  26. Period of Kharif crops starts in Pakistan — May and June.
  27. Period of Kharif crops ends in Pakistan — September and October.
  28. The Assessment of Land Revenue remains in force for 25 years.
  29. Karam — Unit of Length.
  30. Sarsahi — Unit of Area.
  31. The unirrigated land depending on rainfall — Barani.
  32. The unirrigated land affected by flooding/river moisture — Sailabi.
  33. Land irrigated by canals — Nehri.
  34. Land irrigated from wells — Chahi.
  35. Land irrigated from tube wells — Nul-Chahi.
  36. Land irrigated from wells & canals — Chahi-Nehri.
  37. Land irrigated from tanks, jhils, streams, springs, kareezes — Abi.
  38. Land irrigated from hill torrents — Rod-Kohi or Bandeza.
  39. Land unsown for 4 to 11 harvests — Banjar Kham.
  40. Land unsown for 12 harvests — Banjar Jadid.
  41. Statement of customs respecting rights/liabilities — Wajib-ul-Arz.
  42. A village note book is prepared for each Estate.
  43. Village note book is also called Lal Kitab.
  44. Period of Rabi crops starts — October & November.
  45. Period of Rabi crops ends — April & May.
  46. Low-lying land near rivers — Khadir.
  47. Portion of crop that failed to mature — Kharaba.
  48. Surcharge of 5% on revenue paid to Headman — Pachotra.
  49. Deputy of Tehsildar — Naib Tehsildar.
  50. Parta — Assessment rate for land revenue.
  51. Vernacular word for Killa — Karam.
  52. Report for mutation to Patwari must be made within three months.
  53. Book containing details of measurement of each field — Field Book.
  54. Mussavis of a village drawn on cloth (Lattha) — Shajra Kishtwar.
  55. Register Haqdaran-e-Zamin info — Ownership, Tenancy, Khasra No., Source of Irrigation.
  56. Khatauni is kept in custody of Halqa Patwari.
  57. Khatauni contains info — Ownership, Cultivation, Rights in Land.
  58. Khatauni is revised every 4 years.
  59. Khatauni is prepared by Patwari.
  60. Register of all persons cultivating/occupying land — Khatauni.
  61. Section 22 — Power to summon, take evidence, produce documents.
  62. Section 23 — Summons to be in writing, signed & sealed.
  63. Section 24 — Mode of service of Summons.
  64. Section 26 — Mode of making proclamation.
  65. Section 28 — Language of Revenue Officer.
  66. Section 30 — Power to enter land/premises for measurement.
  67. Section 32 — Proceedings held on holidays.
  68. Section 36 — Rules regulating appointment of village officers.
  69. Section 37 — Village officer cess.
  70. Section 41 — Periodical records.
  71. Section 44 — Determination of disputes.
  72. Section 46 — Mutation fees.
  73. Section 48 — Penalty.
  74. Section 49 — Rights of Government in Mines & Minerals.
  75. Section 56 — Assessment of Land Revenue.
  76. Section 56-A — Exemption of Land Revenue.
  77. Section 57 — Basis of assessment.
  78. Section 58 — Limits of assessment.
  79. Section 80 — Process for recovery of arrears.
  80. Section 81 — Notice of demand.
  81. Land Revenue abolished by — Punjab Land Revenue (Abolition) Act 1998.
  82. Punjab Land Revenue (Abolition) Act 1998 passed on — 6 Feb 1998.
  83. Passed by — Punjab Assembly.
  84. Published in Punjab Gazette — 24 Feb 1998.
  85. Pages in the Abolition Act — 197.
  86. Sections abolishing Land Revenue — Sections 2 & 3.
  87. Khasra Girdawri is conducted by Patwari.
  88. Khasra Girdawri months — October, February, April.
  89. October inspection — Kharif Girdawri.
  90. February inspection — Rabi Girdawri.
  91. April inspection — Zaid Girdawri.
  92. Amalgamation & redistribution of land — Consolidation.
  93. Consolidation is also called Chak-Bandi.
  94. Certified copies of Land records — Form CA-1.
  95. For mutation, Halqa Patwari reports on form — P-1.
  96. Jamabandi is revised every 4 years.
  97. Sale of holding of defaulter for arrears — Section 88.
  98. Genealogical tree of landowners — Shajra Nasb.
  99. Village’s common land — Shamilat.
  100. Kharif is Autumn Harvest, Rabi is Spring Harvest.

Key Terms & Definitions

Girdawri

Seasonal inspection of crops.

Jamabandi

Record of rights; revised every 4 years.

Khatauni

Register of cultivators/occupiers in a village.

Shajra Kishtwar

Map of fields/boundaries of an estate.

Wajib-ul-Arz

Statement of local customs/rights in an estate.

Intiqal

Vernacular term for mutation.

FAQs

What sections are most important for PPSC exams?
Procedural (22–32), Mutation (42, 46), Assessment (56–58), Recovery (80–81, 88), Records (Jamabandi, Khatauni, Khasra Girdawri).
How often are Jamabandi and Khatauni revised?
Both are generally revised every 4 years.

Note: This post is a concise study guide for exam prep.

📢 Stay Connected with Us

👉 Follow the PPSC | FPSC | docmcqs | CSS | GK | AJKPSC | SPSC | BPSC | IBA | SDEO | PERA channel on WhatsApp:

🔗 Join Our WhatsApp Channel

📞 Contact us to join our Premium Test Series for all types of PPSC and GK-related exams:
0345-7969346

Kinds of Punishment under PPC (Pakistan Penal Code)

Kinds of Punishment under PPC (Pakistan Penal Code)

Criminal Law / PPC

1. Introduction — تعارف

In psychological learning theory, punishment
(سزا) refers to anything that reduces or discourages a particular behavior. In law, a thing is called punishing if, when it is applied, it results in the reduction of behavior that the law seeks to prevent. Section 53 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)
(پاکستان پینل کوڈ) defines several types of punishments for different offences.

2. Relevant Provisions — متعلقہ دفعات

Section 53, Pakistan Penal Code (دفعہ ۵۳، تعزیراتِ پاکستان).

3. Definition of Punishment — سزا کی تعریف

Black’s Law Dictionary defines punishment as:

Any fine, penalty, or confinement inflicted upon a person by authority of law and the judgment of a court for some crime or offence committed, or for the omission of a duty enjoined by law.
(جرم یا قانونی فرض کی عدم ادائیگی پر عدالتِ قانون کی جانب سے دی جانے والی جرمانہ، قید یا کوئی بھی قانونی سزا)

4. Purpose of Punishment — سزا کا مقصد

The primary purpose is the prevention
(روک تھام) of PPC offences by deterrence, retribution, reform, and protection of society.

5. Kinds of Punishment under Section 53 PPC — دفعہ ۵۳ کے تحت سزاؤں کی اقسام

I. Qisas — قصاص

a) Literal Meaning — لغوی معنی

The word Qisās derives from the root qasasa, meaning “to follow in someone’s footsteps; to requite”.
(پیروی کرنا/بدلہ لینا)

b) Legal Meaning — اصطلاحی معنی

Legally, it denotes retribution by causing a similar hurt or death to the offender as caused to the victim, where law permits.
(بدلے کی سزا، مساوی ضرر یا موت دینا)

c) Definition — تعریف

Qisās means punishment by inflicting similar hurt on the same part of the body of the convict as he caused to the victim, or by causing his death if he committed qatl‑e‑amd
(ارادی قتل)—exercisable by the victim or wali
(ولی).

d) Non‑applicability of Qisās — عدم نفاذ کے حالات

  1. Offender dies before enforcement of Qisās (ملزم کے مرنے کی صورت میں).
  2. Right of Qisās is waived by any wāli (ولی کی معافی).
  3. Right of Qisās devolves on the offender himself (حقِ قصاص خود مجرم کو منتقل ہو جائے).
  4. Right of Qisās devolves on a person who has no right of Qisās against the offender (ایسے شخص کو منتقل ہو جو مجرم کے خلاف حقِ قصاص نہیں رکھتا).

e) Quranic Injunctions — قرآنی ہدایات

“O you who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in cases of the killed: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female… And there is life for you in retaliation, O men of understanding, that you may guard yourselves.” (Surah Al‑Baqarah 2:178–179)

؛ اور تمہارے لیے قصاص میں زندگی ہے اے عقل والو تاکہ تم پرہیزگار بنو (البقرہ 178–179)

II. Diyat — دیت

a) Meaning — معنی

Diyat means monetary compensation payable by the offender to the heirs of the victim as blood‑money
(خون بہا).

b) Definition — تعریف

As per section 299(e): “Diyat means the compensation specified in section 323 payable to the heirs of the victim.” It applies to qatl
(قتل), not to simple hurt.

c) Value of Diyat — مقدارِ دیت

The court, subject to the Injunctions of Islam and considering the financial position of the convict and the heirs, fixes the value of Diyat which shall not be less than the value of 30,630 grams of silver, as notified annually by the Federal Government (effective each financial year).
(حکومت ہر سال چاندی کی قدر کے مطابق کم از کم دیت مقرر کرتی ہے)

III. Arsh — ارش

a) Meaning & Definition — معنی و تعریف

Arsh is a pre‑specified compensation payable to the victim or his heirs for particular categories of hurt as defined in Chapter XVI of PPC.
(متعین معاوضہ مخصوص اقسامِ چوٹ کے بدلے)

b) Value of Arsh — مقدارِ ارش

Calculated as a percentage of Diyat (section 323). The court uses at least the minimum Diyat value fixed for that financial year.

c) Payment & Time — ادائیگی و مدت

Payable in lump sum or installments within up to three years from the final judgment. The court may keep the convict in simple imprisonment until paid, or release on bail against security equal to the Arsh amount. If the convict dies, it is recoverable from his estate.

IV. Daman — دِیَت سے کم معاوضہ / دِیَت غیر مقررہ

a) Meaning & Definition — معنی و تعریف

Daman is court‑determined compensation payable by the offender to the victim for hurt not liable to Arsh.
(ایسی چوٹ کا معاوضہ جس پر ارش لاگو نہ ہو)

b) Value of Daman — مقدارِ دَمَن

  • Expenses incurred on treatment (علاج کے اخراجات)
  • Loss or disability in functioning of any organ (اعضا کی کارکردگی میں کمی)
  • Compensation for pain and suffering (اذیت و تکلیف کا ازالہ)

c) Non‑payment & Release — عدم ادائیگی و رہائی

Recoverable from the convict; until paid, he may be kept in simple imprisonment. Bail may be granted upon security equal to the Daman amount.

V. Tazir — تعزیر

a) Definition — تعریف

Tazir means punishment other than Qisās, Diyat, Arsh, or Daman; its quantum is left to the discretion of the judge within legal limits.
(قاضی کی صوابدیدی سزا)

b) Infliction — نفاذ

May include fine, scourging (where permitted), or imprisonment, depending on statute and judicial discretion.

VI. Death Penalty — سزائے موت

The highest form of punishment, prescribed for certain offences such as waging war against Pakistan, abetment of mutiny (actually committed), murder, dacoity with murder, and hijacking (as per specific statutory provisions).

VII. Imprisonment for Life — عمر قید

The second‑highest punishment, provided for offences including: waging or attempting to wage war against Pakistan, collecting arms with intent to wage war, sedition, counterfeiting Pakistan coin, punishment for certain forms of murder, kidnapping/abduction to commit murder, and dacoity with murder.

VIII. Imprisonment — قید

Imprisonment means confinement of a person in prison.

a) Rigorous Imprisonment — سخت قید

Involves hard labour (e.g., grinding, drawing water, digging earth, cutting wood).

b) Simple Imprisonment — سادہ قید

Confinement without hard labour.

The maximum term provided generally is fourteen years (section 55). A shortest term may be twenty‑four hours where so provided; minimums otherwise depend on the specific offence.

IX. Forfeiture of Property — املاک کی ضبطی

Forfeiture may be imposed, inter alia, where property is used for depredation against territories of a power at peace with the Government (section 126), where such property is knowingly received (section 127), or where a public servant improperly purchases property prohibited by virtue of office.

X. Fine — جرمانہ

Fine may be awarded alone or alongside other punishments. It is expressly provided for a number of offences throughout the PPC.

6. Limit of Imprisonment for Non‑payment of Fine (Section 65) — عدم ادائیگیِ جرمانہ پر قید کی حد

Where an offence is punishable with imprisonment as well as fine, the term of imprisonment awarded in default of payment shall not exceed one‑fourth of the maximum substantive imprisonment prescribed for that offence.
(جرمانہ ادا نہ کرنے پر قید، مقررہ زیادہ سے زیادہ سزا کے ایک چوتھائی سے زائد نہیں ہو سکتی)

8. Conclusion — نتیجہ

In sum, punishment (سزا) is pain or penalty warranted by law and inflicted by a lawful court for a crime or legal omission. Under the PPC, its forms include Qisās, Diyat, Arsh, Daman, Tazir, death penalty, imprisonment (life or term), forfeiture of property, and fine, each serving the broader goals of deterrence, justice, and public protection.

Punjab Enforcement & Regulation Act (PERA Act 2024) – PDF Download

Punjab Enforcement & Regulation Act 2024 (PERA) — Official Gazette PDF Download

Published in: The Punjab Gazette (Extraordinary), October 17, 2024 — Act XI of 2024


⬇️ Download PERA Act 2024 (Official PDF)

What is PERA?

The Punjab Enforcement & Regulation Act 2024 (PERA) establishes the
Punjab Enforcement & Regulatory Authority to coordinate, implement,
and enforce special laws across Punjab. The Act aims to streamline procedures, improve
inter-agency cooperation, and ensure effective on-ground enforcement.

PERA کیا ہے؟

پنجاب انفورسمنٹ اینڈ ریگولیشن ایکٹ 2024 کے تحت
پنجاب انفورسمنٹ اینڈ ریگولیٹری اتھارٹی قائم کی گئی ہے
تاکہ خصوصی قوانین کے نفاذ، اداروں میں تعاون اور مؤثر عمل درآمد کو یقینی بنایا جا سکے۔

Quick Facts

Short Title Punjab Enforcement & Regulation Act 2024
Act No. Act XI of 2024
Gazette Date October 17, 2024
Extent Applies to the whole of Punjab
Commencement From date(s) notified by Government

Key Features of the Act

  • Establishes a provincial Enforcement & Regulatory Authority.
  • Coordinates among existing agencies working under special laws.
  • Designates and regulates regulatory/enforcement areas.
  • Creates uniform enforcement procedures and strategy.
  • Provides for enforcement stations, boards, and administrative/summary processes.

Why Download the Official PDF?

  1. Authentic Text: Exact wording as notified in the Gazette.
  2. Accurate Citations: Useful for students, lawyers, and administrators.
  3. Offline Access: Keep a verified copy for reference and training.


⬇️ Download PERA Act 2024 (Official PDF)

How to Cite

The Punjab Gazette (Extraordinary), October 17, 2024, Act XI of 2024: Punjab Enforcement & Regulation Act, 2024.

FAQs

Is this the official version?

Yes—this PDF is the official Gazette-notified file.

Does the Act apply across Punjab?

Yes, the Act extends to the whole of Punjab. Specific provisions commence on dates notified by the Government.

Who should read PERA?

Law students, legal practitioners, public administrators, police/enforcement officers, and policy researchers.

Source: Official Punjab Gazette (Extraordinary), October 17, 2024.

For queries or updated notifications, please check the latest Government circulars.

Join Our WhatsApp Channel! ×
Scroll to Top