Test-retest reliability checks stability of scores over repeated administrations.
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Inter-rater reliability is consistency between different raters or judges.
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Construct validity concerns whether a test actually measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure.
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Predictive validity is demonstrated when a test predicts a future criterion.
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Concurrent validity compares a new measure with an established criterion measured at approximately the same time.
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Content validity is the extent to which test items represent the full syllabus or domain.
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Reliability is consistency; validity is measuring the intended construct. Consistent but invalid means high reliability and low validity.
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Profligate describes wasteful, extravagant spending, making “frugal” the antonym, describing careful, economical behavior that avoids unnecessary expenditure and conserves resources wisely.
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Intransigent describes stubborn refusal to compromise, making “flexible” the antonym, describing willingness to adapt, negotiate, and adjust one's position when circumstances require.
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Insipid describes something bland, dull, or lacking flavor and excitement, making “stimulating” the antonym, describing something engaging, exciting, and full of interest.
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Impecunious means lacking money or being poor, making “affluent” the antonym, describing someone wealthy and financially prosperous rather than destitute or penniless.
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Implacable describes someone unable to be appeased or pacified, so “merciful” serves as the antonym, describing compassionate, forgiving behavior opposite to relentless harshness.
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Obfuscate means to deliberately make something unclear or difficult to understand, making “confuse” the appropriate synonym describing the act of obscuring meaning intentionally.
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Munificent describes extreme generosity in giving, making “magnanimous” the closest synonym, both conveying large-hearted, generous, and noble character traits in bestowing gifts or favors.
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Perspicacious describes someone having keen insight and mental clarity, making “perceptive” the closest synonym, both indicating sharp understanding and ability to notice subtle details.
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An imbroglio refers to a confusing, complicated situation or misunderstanding, making “entanglement” the appropriate synonym describing a complex, difficult-to-resolve predicament or conflict.
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An iconoclast challenges established beliefs, traditions, or institutions, making “nonconformist” the closest synonym since both describe someone who resists conventional norms and practices.
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“What” introduces a noun clause functioning as the subject of the sentence, meaning “the thing that he said,” acting as a relative pronoun.
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“Only” restricts and modifies “child,” emphasizing that the person is merely a child and nothing more, limiting the noun it directly precedes.
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“Leaving” functions as a gerund, a verb form acting as a noun, serving as the object of the preposition “to” in this sentence structure.
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“Walking” functions as a present participle forming a participial phrase describing the subject “she,” expressing an action occurring simultaneously with the main verb.
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“The then Prime Minister” uses “then” as an adjective modifying “Prime Minister,” specifying the person holding that position at that particular time.
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In “worked hard,” hard modifies the verb worked, making it an adverb; in “hard surface,” hard modifies the noun surface, making it an adjective.
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“What” here functions as a relative pronoun introducing a noun clause, meaning “the thing that,” connecting the clause to the main sentence structure.
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